ساینتولوژی
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معنی کلمه ساینتولوژی
معنی واژه ساینتولوژی
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ساینتولوژی
معنی:
ساینتولوژی مجموعه‌ای از تعالیم است که ال ران هابارد نویسنده داستان‌های علمی تخیلی آن را توسعه بخشید.
ساینتولوژی در برخی کشورها به طور رسمی مذهب شمرده میشود. برخی از این کشورها بدین قرارند: آفریقای جنوبی، استرالیا، ایالات متحده آمریکا، هندوستان، مکزیک، نیوزیلند، پرتغال، سوئیس، تایوان، تانزانیا، ونزوئلا، زیمبابوه.
ساینتولوژی این عقیده را تقویت می‌نماید که انسان‌ها ارواحی فناناپذیرند که اتصال با اصل خود را گم کرده‌اند. در این راستا انسان می‌بایست با هوشیاری کامل تمامی تجربه‌های تلخ زندگی خود را مرور کرده و به یاد آورد تا از آنها گذر کرده به سرچشمهٔ حیاتی خود نزدیک تر گردد. جان تراولتا و تام کروز از طرفداران این فرقه‌اند.
آراء مخالف
بزرگ‌ترین مخالفان این آئین در ایالات متحده را مسیحیان معتقد و اعضا سابق کلیسای ساینتولوژی تشکیل می‌دهند که از میان آنان تری مگو که خود به رده OT VII رسیده بود تشکیل می‌دهند. بسیاری معتقدند این آیین با استناد به حرفهای خود ران هابارد که اعتقاد داشت چنانچه نویسنده‌ای می‌خواهد بیش از یک سنت برای هر خط نوشته درآمد داشته باشد باید دینی بیاورد، تنها برای درآمد زایی ایجاد شده‌است. کلیسای ساینتولوژی به شدت در برابر نوشته‌های مخالف خود واکنش نشان می‌دهد و با استفاده از قانون کپی رایت و ادعای اینکه مخالفان اسرار این دین را فاش کرده‌اند با به دادگاه کشاندن بسیاری از مخالفان آنها را خاموش کرده‌است. همچنین تعدادی قتل هم به طرفداران این دین نسبت داده میشود.منبع
دیگر کشورها
در فرانسه ساینتولوژی فرقه به شمار می‌رود و مبلغان حق ندارند برای آن تبلیغ کنند و هر گونه فعالیت در این زمینه ممنوع بوده و شامل جریمه و مجازات زندان میشود. ساینتولوژی همچنین در آلمان و بلژیک فرقه محسوب میشود. در سوئیس به عنوان مذهب پذیرفته نشد و کارکرد آن را تجاری دانستند. در ایران هیچ مرکز رسمی ساینتولوژی وجود ندارد.
مراحل این دین به OT معروفند و به ترتیب OT I و OT II و... نامیده می‌شوند. در بخش موافقان و در کشور سوئیس بعنوان مذهب پذیرفته شده. در حالیکه در این بخش کارکرد آن را تجاری عنوان نموده‌اند. ممکن است در بسیاری دیگر از کشورها نیز وضعیت آن مشخص نباشد.
جستارهای وابسته
کلیسای ساینتولوژی
پروژه چنولوژی
پیوندهای بیرونی
وب‌گاه رسمی کلیسای ساینتولوژی
وب‌گاه توری مگو از اعضا سابق کلیسا و مربی جان تراولتا
وب‌گاه مخالفان ساینتولوژی
منابع
ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی
رده‌ها: ساینتولوژی دین‌های نوظهورشبه دانش فرهنگ غربی
قس عربی
السیَنتولوجیا، أو العِلمولوجیا، تشکل مجموعة من التعالیم الدینیة والمعتقدات، تستند إلى فلسفة علمانیة تأسست عام 1952 من قبل المؤلف رون هوبارد، من ثم أعاد نفس المؤلف صیاغتها باعتبارها "فلسفة دینیة تطبیقیة". بالنسبة لهوبارد فإن العلمولوجیا هی کما یمکن أن تفهم من الأصل اللاتینی لوجیا بمعنى خطاب أو دراسة وسیَنس أی علم بالتالی تکون "دراسة العلم أو دراسة المعرفة".
العلمولوجیا أشعلت جدلاً واسعاً. الانغلاق والسریة وأسالیب لی الذراع فی التعامل مع المنتقدین کانت سبباً للانتقادات والشک فی جمیع أنحاء العالم.
مبادئ العلمولوجیا وصفها العلماءو الأطباء بأنها علم کاذب. ولعل دلیلهم فی ذلک نابع من فلسفة العلوم التی تقول أن أی نظریة تستند إلى أی نوع من العلویة الماورائیة غیر قابلة للتکذیب وعلى هذا الأساس لیست علما (حسب بوبر). المشرعین، وبینهم حکومات دول عدة، وصفوا کنیسة العلمولوجیا على أنها مؤسسة تجاریة متهورة، ذاکرین تحرش تلک الکنیسة بمنتقدیها واستغلال أعضائها. کما تصنفها بعض الحکومات تحت المؤسسات أو التیارات المناهضة للدستور وتقوم بمراقبتها مخابراتیا ویعللون ذلک بکون حرکة الساینتولجی فی جوهرها حرکة لا دینیة مستندین إلى تاریخ الحرکة وکیفیة نشوئها, ویقولون أن الجانب الدینی فی الساینتولوجی قد أقحم فیها لکی تلقى تجاوبا من ذوی العقول البسیطة ولکی تظهر فی مظهر تیار حامل لقیم إنسانیة فی حین أن الحقیقة هی أن مؤسسی الحرکة وتاریخ نشأتها یدلون على عکس ذلک.
محتویات
فکرتها
تتلخص فکرتهم أو هدفهم فی مکننة الإنسان والعلاقات الإنسانیة على جمیع المستویات بدئا بالفرد ونهایة عند الدول ذلک لأن الخاصیات الإنسانیة متغیر غیر قابل للحساب أو التنبؤ به فی المعاملات یؤدی إلى أخطاء فادحة عند إتخاذ القرارات إلى حد إتخاذ قرارت غیر منطقیة (لکن أخلاقیة فی بعض الأحیان) فوجب إذن تخلیص الإنسان من هذه الخصائص الإنسانیة التی یرونها أنها موطن ضعفه والرقی به (حسب الساینتولوجی) إلى درجة إتقان عمل الماکنات. ویستدل أصحاب هذه الإتهامات على وجود العدید من القواعد والتمارین ضمن الحرکة هدفها محو الإرادة الشخصیة وتطویع الفرد فی خدمة المؤسسة (الساینتولوجیة) أو النظام عامة کضرب من ضروب الهندسة الاجتماعیة کواجب الطاعة العمیاء لمن فوقک فی هرم المؤسسة وعدم حق النقد وعدة تمارین تتعلق بمکننة الحیاة الیومیة کتمارین على المشی والضحک والصراخ إلخ هدفها التخلص من التلقائیة والمشاعر. ولعل الجدیر بالذکر عند هذه النقطة أن الفکر الساینتولوجی هو امتداد للتیار الذی یرى أن علم الاجتماع والنفس یخضع أو یجب أن یخضع لنفس مقاییس العلوم الهندسیة. وهنا تنشأ تعارضات مع بعض تشریعات الدول الدیمقراطیة التی ترى أن هذا التیار والفکرة أولا تسلب الفرد حریته وبذلک تتعارض مع دستور الدولة وثانیا تجعل إمکانیة قیام نظام دکتاتوری أکثر احتمالا لتلک الأسباب تعتبر العلمولوجیا طائفة دینیة سریة وحتى غیر قانونیة.
تتمثل هذه الفلسفة رسمیا عن طریق کنیسة السینتولوجیا، التی تصف نفسها بأنها منظمة غیر نفعیة تسعى لإصلاح وإعادة تأهیل الروح الإنسانیة، وهی تطرح نفسها کبدیل عن مدرسة التحلیل النفسی فهی تعتبر هذه المدرسة سلوک بربری متخلف. توصل هوبارد إلی أن الإنسان:
کائن حی خالد,
تتجاوز خبرته حدود حیاته الفردیة,
یتمتع بقدرات غیر محدودة حتی لو لم یدرکها فی حینها
وتؤکد العلمولوجیا علی عدم وجود علاقة بین الروح کمفهوم فلسفی وبین روح الإنسان الموجودة فی جسده, وتسبب وجوده الشعوری وبناء علیه فلا یعتبر المبشرون العلمولوجیا أنها مجرد إنجازات فلسفیة کبری فقط, لکنها ـ حسب أفکارهم المدونة ـ مبادیء قابلة للتطبیق, فهی تفسر وتشرح القوانین الأساسیة للحیاة, وتبین أسباب تصرف الإنسان بطریقة ما دون غیرها, وتعرض بوضوح معوقات البقاء وأفضل السبل لتذلیل هذه المعوقات, حتی یتحقق ذلک فعلی الإنسان أن یؤمن بأنه کائن مکون من:
جسم (body)
عقل (mind)
طاقة روحیة مسیطرة ومحرکة (thetan)
فالجسم أکبر قلیلا, کونه مجرد آلة, أما العقل فهو جهاز یحلل ویشکل رد الفعل ویحسب ویجمع الصور, وتبقی الروح المسیطرة التی هی الحیاة ذاتها والمسئولة عن تنشیط الجسم وعن استخدام العقل, ووفقا لأشکال العلاقة بین مکونات الإنسان الثلاثة وقیاس مناطق الضعف فی علاقاتها وفی الروح یمکن تحدید أسالیب حل مشاکل الإنسان المختلفة.
ابتکر هوبارد وسیلة أطلق علیها اسم الاستماع لتصبح هی محور ممارسة واستخدام العلمولوجیا, أما الشخص العلمولوجی المدرب علی استخدامها فیطلق علیه المستمع وقد اقتبس هوبارد الاسم من الکلمة اللاتینیة audire وتعنی یستمع, ویسمی الجهاز الذی یمکن المستمع من الاستماع المقیاس النفسی الکهربائی, وهو عبارة عن آلة شبیهة بالعداد المزود بمؤشر یتصل بها قطبان, وعندما یجلس الشخص أمام المستمع یمسک القطبین بیدیه, فتتدفق طاقة کهربائیة قوتها 1.5 فولت, وهی أقل من الطاقة اللازمة لتشغیل فلاش الکامیرا, لا یشعر بها الإنسان, ویوجه المستمع مجموعة من الأسئلة, ویتحرک مؤشر العداد وفقا لإجابات الشخص التی تفجر طاقة ما یلتقطها الجهاز من العقل, ویتم تسجیلها علی العداد, ویتم إعداد تقریر عن مشکلات الشخص قبل عرضها علی هیئة أعلی, وتجری الجلسة فی قاعة هادئة لا یسمح فیها بوجود أی شخص آخر غیر المستمع مع المستمع إلیه للحفاظ علی أسراره. وهو ما یذکرنا بفکرة الاعتراف وطقوسها فی المسیحیة.
الجدل بشأن الدیانة
کل دین جدید یثیر قدراً من الجدل، إلا أن الجدل الذی رافق دیانة العلمولوجیا فاق أی نظیر. ولذلک الجدل أسباب متعددة، منها:
مؤسس الدیانة، رون هوبارد، قام بتأسیسها اثر نقاش مع صدیق له على حافة حمام سباحة فی الخمسینات حول أقصر الطرق للحصول على ملیون دولار. هوبارد قال أنه یمکنه بناء ثروة شخصیة قدرها ملیون دولار عن طریق إنشاء دین جدید خاص به. النقاش تطور إلى رهان. ثم ما لبث هوبارد أن أنشأ الدین الجدید. هوبارد نفسه صرح بنفس الفکرة فی حدیث لمجلة ریدرز دایجست عام 1980.
الکنیسة تشتهر بأسلوب التهدید بالتقاضی حتى تخمد أی انتقادات.
الکنیسة تشجع أتباعها على قطع کل صلاتهم بأهلهم غیر المعتنقین للدیانة الجدیدة.
الکنیسة تورطت فی عدة قضایا فی الولایات المتحدة وأوربا لابتزاز أعضائها للحصول على أموالهم.
حالات وفاة غیر مبررة لبعض الأعضاء، مثل لیسا مکفیرسون.
أنشطة جنائیة لأعضاء الکنیسة للتربح الشخصی وللقیام بعملیات بالنیابة عن الکنیسة ومسئولیها.
أتباع الکنیسة اشتهروا بأسالیب ضغط مختلفة للتحایل على محرکات البحث مثل جوجل ویاهو لیتجاهلوا الکتابات المنتقدة للدیانة.
حکومات ألمانیا وبریطانیا وغیرهم ترفض الاعتراف بهم کدیانة.
من أشهر معتنقیها
الممثلان الأمریکیان توم کروز وجون ترافولتا.
شاهد المزید من الصور والملفات فی ویکیمیدیا کومنز حول: سینتولوجیا
مراجع
^ لفظ هجین مرکب من سِیِنتیا "علم" باللاتینیة و-لوجیا "علم" بالیونانیة. العلمولوجیا هجین کذلک وترجم جزئیا.
مصادر
Scientology Victims Testimonies Video testimonies of people who were victimized by Scientology organization
تصنیف: حرکات دینیة
قس ترکی آذری
Sayentologiya (ing. scientology - «bilginin (qəd. yun. λόγος) mənsı (lat. scio)») təlimi ingilis əsilli amerikalı Lafayette Ron Hubbard tərəfindən 1950-ci illərin əvvəllərində meydana çıxmışdır. Hubbard 10 mart 1911-ci ildə Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatlarında - Nebraska Ştatının Tilden şəhərində dünyaya gəlmişdir. O, gəncliyində Çinə və Hindistana səfər etmiş, buddist rahiblərdən ruhun mahiyyəti ilə bağlı bilgilər almış, onların bir çox ideyalarını mənimsəmişdir. Geniş fantaziyaya malik Hubbard yazıçılıqla da məşğul olur, mətbuatda məqalələrlə çıxış edirdi. Sonralar o, fəaliyyətini genişləndirərək, Sayentologiya təlimini yaratdı.
Yaranışı
Sayentologiya əvvəllər dini təlim deyil, psixoterapiyanın yeni bir sahəsi kimi təqdim edilirdi. Hubbardın oxucular arasında böyük şöhrət tapan "Dianetics: Ruh sağlamlığının müasir elmi" adlı əsəri zehni və fiziki xəstəliklərdən qurtulmağın üsullarını göstərən elmi əsər kimi qəbul olunurdu. Sonralar isə, bu ideologiya tərəfdarlarının çoxunun əks-reaksiyasına baxmayaraq, dini təlim kimi formalaşmışdır. Bəzi məlumatlara görə, Sayentologiyaya dini don geyindirilməsinin əsas məqsədi vergidən yayınmaq olmuşdur.
1954-cü ildə Sayentologiya din kimi ABŞ-da, Los Angeles şəhərində fəaliyyətə başladı. Sayentologiyanın "din" adlandırılması çox böyük mübahisələrə yol açdı. Çünki o, xristianlığın əsas təlimlərindən fərqli ideyalar irəli sürür. Eyni zamanda, o vaxtadək Sayentologiyanı elm kimi nəzərdən keçirən bir çox adamlar onun dini mahiyyət daşıması iddiasını qəbul etmirdilər.
Həm elmi mühit, həm də kilsə tərəfindən tənqid olunan Hubbard 1958-ci ildə İngiltərəyə köçdü. 1968-ci ildə isə o, bu ölkədən fəaliyyətlərinə görə deportasiya olundu. 1976-cı ildə ABŞ Sayentologiyanı rəsmi məzhəb kimi qəbul etdi və o, Sayentologiya Kilsəsi adı ilə tanınmağa başladı.
Sayentologiya Kilsəsi indiyə kimi fəaliyyət göstərir. Kilsə iyerarxik təşkilatlanmaya, geniş maliyyə imkanlarına malikdir və bir neçə istiqamətdə fəaliyyət göstərən qurumları var. Bunlar iqtisadiyyat, bank sistemi, təhsil və s. sahələri əhatə edir.
Təlimləri
Sayentologiyaya mənsub çoxlu kilsələr fəaliyyət göstərir. Hər bir kilsənin keşişi Sayentologiyanın əsas təlimlərini öyrənmək üçün "Müqəddəs Təpə" adlanan təhsil müəssisəsində hazırlıq keçir. Keşişlər insan üzərində "Auditing" (təftiş) adlanan metodla "Clear" (təmizləmə, aydınlatma) adlandırdıqları əməliyyat aparmağı, hipnoz etməyi öyrənir və digər zəruri vərdişlərə yiyələnirlər. Sayentologiyaya görə, dünya məhvə məhkumdur, ancaq Hubbardın göstərdiyi yolla xilas olmaq mümkündür. Hər bir insanda daxili qabiliyyətlər var, bunu üzə çıxarmaq üçün isə insanda məlumat bazası mövcuddur. Məlumat bazası düzgün informasiya ilə təmin edilməlidir. Bu isə sağlam düşüncədir. İnsan şüuru iki funksional hissəyə bölünür: - Həyati proseslərin həllinə görə məsuliyyət daşıyan "Analitik" ağıl; - İnsana əzab verən hadisələr, psixoloji problemlər təsirində olan "Reaktiv" ağıl. Sayentologiyaya görə, insan uğur əldə etmək üçün ona mane olan keçmişin düşüncələrindən yaxa qurtarmalıdır və bu, təlimə xas xüsusi üsullarla həyata keçirilir. Sayentoloqlar satanizmin, buddizmin və hinduizmin təlimlərindən yararlanırlar. Bazar günləri təşkilatın mərkəzində, yaxud şöbələrində yığıncaqlar təşkil olunur və ayinlər icra edilir. Bu ayinlər üç hissəyə ayrılır: - Birinci hissədə uzun müddət təcrübə keçmiş, "Senior Dianetics" adlandırılan keşiş Sayentologiyanın əsas prinsipləri haqqında vəz verir. Hubbardın əsərlərindən bölmələr oxunur və onun lentə alınmış moizələri dinlənilir. - İkinci hissə sual-cavab və müzakirələr üçün nəzərdə tutulur. İkinci və üçüncü hissələr arasında fasilə elan olunur. - Üçüncü hissədə isə, iştirakçılar iki-iki ayrılaraq bir-birinə ruhi müalicə adlandırdıqları "Auditing" tətbiq edirlər.
Yayılması və fəaliyyətləri
Sayentologiya dünyanın bir çox ölkələrində, o cümlədən ABŞ, Argentina, Yaponiya, İngiltərə, Fransa, Almaniya, Belçika, İrlandiya, Lüksemburq, Meksika, İsrail və Rusiyada geniş yayılmışdır. Bununla yanaşı, Afrika ölkələrində də özünə çoxlu tərəfdar tapmışdır. Sayentologiya qeyri-müsəlman ölkələrində daha aktiv fəaliyyət göstərir. Amma onun müsəlmanların üstünlük təşkil etdiyi ölkələrdə də təbliğ edilməsi ilə bağlı geniş iş aparılır.
Ümumiyyətlə, Sayentologiya dünya ölkələri tərəfindən çox təhlükəli təlim kimi qəbul olunur və ona qarşı mübarizə aparılır. göstərin
Sayentologiya Rusiya Federasiyası ərazisində də geniş yayılmışdır. Belə ki, 1994-cü ildə Sayentologiya dini təşkilat kimi Rusiyada qeydiyyatdan keçsə də, 1997-ci ildə yeni Qanunun qüvvəyə minməsi ilə yenidən qeydiyyata alınmaq zərurəti yaranmışdır. Bu zaman isə qeydiyyata alınmaqla bağlı problem yaranmış, iş İnsan Hüquqları üzrə Avropa Məhkəməsinə qədər gedib çıxmışdır.
Sayentologiya dini fəaliyyətdən daha çox təşəkkül tapdığı ölkələrin iqtisadi, siyasi həyatında aktivlik göstərir.
Commonsda Sayentologiya ilə əlaqədar müxtəlif fayllar var.
Kateqoriya: Vikipediya:Mənbəsiz məqalələrDinlər
ترکی استابولی
Scientology (okunuşu: Sayntoloci), ABDli bilim kurgu yazarı L. Ron Hubbard tarafından geliştirilen bir inanç ve buna bağlı uygulamarın bulunduğu bir din akımı. Başlarda Hubbard tarafından kişisel gelişim için hazırlanan bir felsefe iken daha sonra bir dini akıma dönüşmüştür.
Scientology, Scientology Kilisesinin dinini tanıtmak ve yaymak için kullanmaya çalışmaktadır.
Konu başlıkları
İnanış
Bundan 175 milyon yıl önce hüküm süren galaktik bir konfederasyonun lideri Xenu isimli varlık anlaşmazlık yaşadığı milyarlarca varlığı dünyamıza göndererek Hawaii yakınlarında bir yanardağa attırmıştır. Günümüzde insanları yaşadığı acı ve sıkıntıların kaynağı halen yeryüzünde olan o varlıkların ruhlarıdır. Bu ruhlara thetan denmektedir. Scientologye göre insanlar bu ruhların manevi baskısından kurtulunca gerçek mutluluğa kavuşacaklardır. Scientology üyeleri insan ruhunu arındırmak ve vücudun bir köşesinde barındırmak için çeşitli yöntemler geliştirdiklerini iddia ederler. Bu yöntemlere dianetics adını verirler. Hollywood yıldızlarından Tom Cruise, ve John Travolta bu inanç birliğinin içinde yer almaktadırlar.
Günümüz
Scientology, ABD başta olmak üzere bir çok ülkede ayrı bir din olarak kabul edilmiştir. Scientology 1990lı yıllardan sonra daha da ünlenmeye başlamıştır. Scientology yetişkin çizgi komedi dizisi South Parkın "Trapped in the Closet" adlı, 16 Kasım 2005 tarihli bölümüne konu olmuştur. Southparkın Scientologyi alaya alması üzerine Chefi seslendiren Isaac Hayes, Scientologye bağlı bulunması ve saygısızlık yapıldığını düşünmesi gerekçesiyle diziyle yollarını ayırmıştır.
Scientology 1950li yıllardan sonra dünyayı saran UFO dinlerine (Aetherius Society, Raëlism vb) benzetilebilir. ABDde yaygın ve güçlü bir yapılanması bulunmasına karşın Avrupada özellikle Almanyada tehlike olarak görülen Scientologye karşı sert tedbirler alınmaktadır.
Dış bağlantılar
Scientology Kilisesi web sitesi
Kaynakça
^ Melton 2000, sayfalar 28
^ Neusner 2003, sayfa 227
^ Finkelman, Paul (2006). isbn=978-0-415-94342-0 Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. CRC Press. ss. 287.
^ Lucy Morgan (29 Mart 1999). "Abroad: Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology". St. Petersburg Times. "In the United States, Scientology gained status as a tax-exempt religion in 1993 when the Internal Revenue Service agreed to end a long legal battle over the groups right to the exemption."
^ Toomey, Shamus (26 Haziran 2005). "TomKat casts spotlight back on Scientology.", Chicago Sun-Times
^ Beit-Hallahmi (2003). Scientology: Religion or racket?. Marburg Journal of Religion. ss. 1–11.
^ Marney (20 Mayıs 2007). "Cult or cure?". Opinion (Edinburgh: Scotsman). Erişim tarihi: 2009-01-04.
Mallia (1 Mart 1998). "Powerful church targets fortunes, souls of recruits". Inside the Church of Scientology. Boston Herald.
Huus, Kari (5 Temmuz 2005). "Scientology courts the stars". MSNBC. Erişim tarihi: 2009-01-04.
Din ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini genişleterek Vikipediye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
Kategoriler: Din taslaklarıScientolojiYeni dini hareketler
قس انگلیسی
Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by L. Ron Hubbard (1911–1986), starting in 1952, as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics. Hubbard characterized Scientology as a religion, and in 1953 incorporated the Church of Scientology in Camden, New Jersey.
Scientology teaches that people are immortal beings who have forgotten their true nature. Its method of spiritual rehabilitation is a type of counselling known as auditing, in which practitioners aim to consciously re-experience painful or traumatic events in their past in order to free themselves of their limiting effects. Study materials and auditing courses are made available to members in return for specified donations. Scientology is legally recognized as a tax-exempt religion in the United States, Italy, South Africa, Australia, Sweden, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain; and the Church of Scientology emphasizes this as proof that it is a bona fide religion. In other countries, notably Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, Scientology does not have comparable religious status.
A large number of organizations overseeing the application of Scientology have been established, the most notable of these being the Church of Scientology. Scientology sponsors a variety of social-service programs. These include the Narconon anti-drug program, the Criminon prison rehabilitation program, the Study Tech education methodology, the Volunteer Ministers, the World Institute of Scientology Enterprises, and a set of moral guidelines expressed in a booklet called The Way to Happiness.
The Church of Scientology is one of the most controversial new religious movements to have arisen in the 20th century. It has often been described as a cult that financially defrauds and abuses its members, charging exorbitant fees for its spiritual services. In response, Scientologists have argued that theirs is a genuine religious movement that has been misrepresented, maligned and persecuted. The Church of Scientology has consistently used litigation against its critics, and its aggressiveness in pursuing its foes has been condemned as harassment. Further controversy has focused on Scientologys belief that souls ("thetans") reincarnate and have lived on other planets before living on Earth, and that some of the related teachings are not revealed to practitioners until they have paid thousands of dollars to the Church of Scientology. Another controversial belief held by Scientologists is that the practice of psychiatry is destructive and abusive and must be abolished.
Contents
1 Etymology and earlier usage
2 History
2.1 Dianetics
2.2 The Church of Scientology
2.3 Recognition as a religion
3 Membership statistics
4 Beliefs and practices
4.1 Body and Spirit
4.2 Emotions and the mind
4.3 Survival and ethics
4.4 ARC and KRC triangles
4.5 Social and antisocial personalities
4.6 Auditing
4.7 The Bridge to Total Freedom
4.8 Space opera and confidential materials
4.9 Ceremonies
4.10 Influences
5 Organization
5.1 Practice and training organizations
5.2 Technology application organizations
5.3 Social reform organizations
5.4 Other entities
5.5 Free Zone and Independent Scientologists
6 Dispute of religion status
6.1 Scientology status by country
6.2 Scholarly views on Scientologys status as a religion
6.3 Scientology as a commercial venture
7 Controversies
7.1 Scientology and the Internet
7.2 Scientology and hypnosis
7.3 Auditing confidentiality
8 Celebrities
9 See also
10 References
11 Footnotes
12 External links
Etymology and earlier usage
The word Scientology is a pairing of the Latin word scientia ("knowledge", "skill"), which comes from the verb scīre ("to know"), and the Greek λόγος lógos ("word" or "account ").
Scientology, as coined by L. Ron Hubbard, comes from the Latin scio, which means "knowing, in the fullest meaning of the word" and the Greek word logos, which means "study of". Scientology is further defined as "the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself, universes, and other life."
In 1901, Allen Upward coined Scientology "as a disparaging term, to indicate a blind, unthinking acceptance of scientific doctrine" according to the Internet Sacred Text Archive as quoted in the preface to Forgotten Books recent edition of Upwards book, The New Word: On the meaning of the word Idealist. Continuing to quote, the publisher writes "Im not aware of any evidence that Hubbard knew of this fairly obscure book."
In 1934, philosopher Anastasius Nordenholz published a book that used the term to mean "science of science". It is also uncertain whether Hubbard was aware of this prior usage of the word.
History
See also: Timeline of Scientology
Dianetics
Main article: Dianetics
L. Ron Hubbard in 1950
Scientology was developed by L. Ron Hubbard as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics. Dianetics uses a counseling technique known as auditing, developed by Hubbard to enable conscious recall of traumatic events in an individuals past. It was originally intended to be a new psychotherapy and was not expected to become the foundation for a new religion. Hubbard variously defined Dianetics as a spiritual healing technology and an organized science of thought. The stated intent of Dianetics is to free individuals of the influence of past traumas by systematic exposure and removal of the engrams these events have left behind, in a process called clearing.
Hubbard, an American writer of pulp fiction, especially science fiction, first published his ideas on the human mind in the Explorers Club Journal and the May 1950 issue of Astounding Science Fiction magazine.The publication of Dianetics in May 1950 is considered by Scientologists a seminal event of the century. Two of Hubbards key supporters at the time were John W. Campbell Jr., the editor of Astounding Science Fiction, and Dr. Joseph A. Winter. Winter, hoping to have Dianetics accepted in the medical community, submitted papers outlining the principles and methodology of Dianetic therapy to the Journal of the American Medical Association and the American Journal of Psychiatry in 1949, but these were rejected.
May 1950 saw the publication of Hubbards Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. His book entered the New York Times best-seller list on June 18 and stayed there until December 24 of that year. Dianetics appealed to a broad range of people who used instructions from the book and applied the method to each other, becoming practitioners themselves. Hubbard found himself the leader of a growing Dianetics movement. He became a popular lecturer and established the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation in Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he trained his first Dianetics counselors or auditors.
Dianetics soon met with criticism. Morris Fishbein, the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association and well-known at the time as a debunker of quack medicine, dismissed Hubbards book. An article in Newsweek stated that "the dianetics concept is unscientific and unworthy of discussion or review". In January 1951, the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners instituted proceedings against the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation for teaching medicine without a license, which eventually led to that foundations bankruptcy.
Some practitioners of Dianetics reported experiences which they believed had occurred in past lives, or previous incarnations. In early 1951, reincarnation became a subject of intense debate within Dianetics. Campbell and Winter, who was still hopeful of winning support for Dianetics from the medical community, championed a resolution to ban the topic. But Hubbard decided to take the reports of past life events seriously and postulated the existence of the thetan, a concept similar to the soul. This was an important factor in the transition from secular Dianetics to the religion of Scientology.
Also in 1951, Hubbard introduced the electropsychometer (E-meter for short), a kind of galvanometer, as an auditing aid. Based on a design by Hubbard, the device is held by Scientologists to be a useful tool in detecting changes in a persons state of mind.
Publishers weekly gave a plaque posthumously to L. Ron Hubbard commemorating the appearance of Dianetics on its bestseller list for one hundred consecutive weeks. One scholar has called Dianetics the bestselling non-Christian religious book of the century.
The Church of Scientology
the Founding Church of Scientology in Washington D.C.
Main article: Church of Scientology
In 1952, Hubbard built on the existing framework set forth in Dianetics, and published a new set of teachings as Scientology, a religious philosophy. In December 1953, Hubbard incorporated three churches – a "Church of American Science", a "Church of Scientology" and a "Church of Spiritual Engineering" – in Camden, New Jersey. On February 18, 1954, with Hubbards blessing, some of his followers set up the first local Church of Scientology, the Church of Scientology of California, adopting the "aims, purposes, principles and creed of the Church of American Science, as founded by L. Ron Hubbard." The movement spread quickly through the United States and to other English-speaking countries such as Britain, Ireland, South Africa and Australia. The second local Church of Scientology to be set up, after the one in California, was in Auckland, New Zealand. In 1955, Hubbard established the Founding Church of Scientology in Washington, D.C. In 1957, the Church of Scientology of California was granted tax-exempt status by the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and so, for a time, were other local churches. In 1958 however, the IRS started a review of the appropriateness of this status. In 1959, Hubbard moved to England, remaining there until the mid-1960s.
The Church experienced further challenges. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began an investigation concerning the claims the Church of Scientology made in connection with its E-meters. On January 4, 1963, they raided offices of the Church of Scientology and seized hundreds of E-meters as illegal medical devices. The devices have since been required to carry a disclaimer saying that they are a purely religious artifact.
In the mid-sixties, the Church of Scientology was banned in several Australian states, starting with Victoria in 1965. The ban was based on the Anderson Report, which found that the auditing process involved "command" hypnosis, in which the hypnotist assumes "positive authoritative control" over the patient. On this point the report stated,
It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetic techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous ... the scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute ... leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology. Many scientology techniques are in fact hypnotic techniques, and Hubbard has not changed their nature by changing their names.
The Australian Church was forced to operate under the name of the "Church of the New Faith" as a result, the name and practice of Scientology having become illegal in the relevant states. Several years of court proceedings aimed at overturning the ban followed.
In the course of developing Scientology, Hubbard presented rapidly changing teachings that were often self-contradictory. For the inner cadre of Scientologists in that period, involvement depended not so much on belief in a particular doctrine but on unquestioning faith in Hubbard. In 1966, Hubbard stepped down as executive director of Scientology to devote himself to research and writing. The following year, he formed the Sea Organization or Sea Org, which was to develop into an elite group within Scientology. The Sea Org was based on three ships, the Diana, the Athena, and the Apollo, which served as the flag ship. One month after the establishment of the Sea Org, Hubbard announced that he had made a breakthrough discovery, the result of which were the "OT III" materials purporting to provide a method for overcoming factors inhibiting spiritual progress. These materials were first disseminated on the ships, and then propagated by Sea Org members reassigned to staff Advanced Organizations on land.
In 1967, the IRS removed Scientologys tax-exempt status, asserting that its activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard, rather than for charitable or religious purposes. The decision resulted in a process of litigation that would be settled in the Churchs favour a quarter of a century later, the longest case of litigation in IRS history.
In 1979, as a result of FBI raids during Operation Snow White, eleven senior people in the churchs Guardians Office were convicted of obstructing justice, burglary of government offices, and theft of documents and government property. In 1981, Scientology took the German government to court for the first time.
On January 1, 1982, Scientology established the Religious Technology Center (RTC) to oversee and ensure the standard application of Scientology technology.
On November 11, 1982, the Free Zone was established by former top Scientologists in disagreement with RTC. The Free Zone Association was founded and registered under the laws of Germany, and believes that the Church of Scientology has departed from its original philosophy.
In 1983, in a unanimous decision, the High Court of Australia recognized Scientology as a religion in Australia, overturning restrictions that had limited activities of the church after the Anderson Report.
On January 24, 1986, L. Ron Hubbard died at his ranch near San Luis Obispo, California, and David Miscavige became the head of the organization.
Starting in 1991, persons connected with Scientology filed fifty lawsuits against the Cult Awareness Network (CAN), a group that had been critical of Scientology. Although many of the suits were dismissed, one of the suits filed against the Cult Awareness Network resulted in $2 million in losses for the network. Consequently, the organization was forced to go bankrupt. In 1996, Steven L. Hayes, a Scientologist, purchased the bankrupt Cult Awareness Networks logo and appurtenances. A new Cult Awareness Network was set up with Scientology backing, which operates as an information and networking center for non-traditional religions, referring callers to academics and other experts.
In a 1993 U.S. lawsuit brought by the Church of Scientology against Steven Fishman, a former member of the Church, Fishman made a court declaration which included several dozen pages of formerly secret esoterica detailing aspects of Scientologist cosmogony. As a result of the litigation, this material, normally strictly safeguarded and used only in Scientologys more advanced "OT levels", found its way onto the Internet. This resulted in a battle between the Church of Scientology and its online critics over the right to disclose this material, or safeguard its confidentiality. The Church of Scientology was forced to issue a press release acknowledging the existence of this cosmogony, rather than allow its critics "to distort and misuse this information for their own purposes." Even so, the material, notably the story of Xenu, has since been widely disseminated and used to caricature Scientology, despite the Churchs vigorous program of copyright litigation.
Recognition as a religion
For more details on this topic, see #Dispute of religion status.
A Scientology Center on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California
In December 1993, the Church of Scientology experienced a major breakthrough in its ongoing legal battles when the IRS granted full tax exemption to all Scientology Churches, missions and organizations. Based on the IRS exemptions, the U.S. State Department formally criticized Germany for discriminating against Scientologists and began to note Scientologists complaints of harassment in its annual human rights reports, as well as the annual International Religious Freedom Reports it has released from 1999 onwards.
In 1997, an open letter to then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune, drew parallels between the "organized oppression" of Scientologists in Germany, and the treatment of Jews in 1930s Nazi Germany. The letter was signed by Dustin Hoffman, Goldie Hawn and a number of other Hollywood celebrities and executives. Commenting on the matter, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of State said that Scientologists were discriminated against in Germany, but condemned the comparisons to the Nazis treatment of Jews as extremely inappropriate, as did a United Nations Special Rapporteur.
In 2000, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that Scientology is a religion for legal purposes. In recent years, religious recognition has also been obtained in other countries, including Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, as well as Kyrgyzstan and the Republic of China (Taiwan). Other countries, notably Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium and the United Kingdom, refuse to grant Scientology religious recognition.
Membership statistics
In 2005, the Church of Scientology stated its worldwide membership to be eight million, although that number included people who took only the introductory course and did not continue on. In 2007 a Church official claimed 3.5 million members in the United States, but a 2001 survey conducted by the City University of New York found only 55,000 people in the United States who claimed to be Scientologists. Worldwide, some observers believe a reasonable estimate of Scientologys core practicing membership ranges between 100,000 and 200,000, mostly in the U.S., Europe, South Africa and Australia. In 2008, the American Religious Identification Survey found that the number of American Scientologists had dropped to 25,000.
Scientologists tend to disparage general religious surveys on the grounds that many members maintaining cultural and social ties to other religious groups will, when asked their religion, answer with their traditional and more socially acceptable affiliation. On the other hand, religious scholar J. Gordon Melton has said that the churchs estimates of its membership numbers are significantly exaggerated.
Beliefs and practices
Main article: Scientology beliefs and practices
According to Scientology, its beliefs and practices are based on rigorous research, and its doctrines are accorded a significance equivalent to that of scientific laws. "Scientology works 100 percent of the time when it is properly applied to a person who sincerely desires to improve his life", the Church of Scientology says. Conversion is held to be of lesser significance than the practical application of Scientologist methods. Adherents are encouraged to validate the value of the methods they apply through their personal experience. Hubbard himself put it this way: "For a Scientologist, the final test of any knowledge he has gained is, did the data and the use of it in life actually improve conditions or didnt it?"
Body and Spirit
Scientology beliefs revolve around the thetan, the individualized expression of the cosmic source, or life force, named after the Greek letter theta (θ). The thetan is the true identity of a person – an intrinsically good, omniscient, non-material core capable of unlimited creativity.
In the primordial past, thetans brought the material universe into being largely for their own pleasure. The universe has no independent reality, but derives its apparent reality from the fact that most thetans agree it exists. Thetans fell from grace when they began to identify with their creation, rather than their original state of spiritual purity. Eventually they lost their memory of their true nature, along with the associated spiritual and creative powers. As a result, thetans came to think of themselves as nothing but embodied beings.
Thetans are reborn time and time again in new bodies through a process called "assumption" which is analogous to reincarnation. Like Hinduism, Scientology posits a causal relationship between the experiences of earlier incarnations and ones present life, and with each rebirth, the effects of the MEST universe (MEST here stands for matter, energy, space, and time) on the thetan become stronger.
Emotions and the mind
See also: Tone scale
Scientology presents two major divisions of the mind. The reactive mind is thought to absorb all pain and emotional trauma, while the analytical mind is a rational mechanism which is responsible for consciousness. The reactive mind stores mental images which are not readily available to the analytical (conscious) mind; these are referred to as engrams. Engrams are painful and debilitating; as they accumulate, people move further away from their true identity. To avoid this fate is Scientologys basic goal. Dianetic auditing is one way by which the Scientologist may progress toward the Clear state, winning gradual freedom from the reactive minds engrams, and acquiring certainty of his or her reality as a thetan.
Scientology uses an emotional classification system called the tone scale. The tone scale is a tool used in counseling; Scientologists maintain that knowing a persons place on the scale makes it easier to predict his or her actions and assists in bettering her or his condition.
Survival and ethics
The Scientology symbol is composed of the letter S, which stands for Scientology, and the ARC and KRC triangles, two important concepts in Scientology.
Scientology emphasizes the importance of survival, which it subdivides into eight classifications that are referred to as dynamics. An individuals desire to survive is considered to be the first dynamic, while the second dynamic relates to procreation and family. The remaining dynamics encompass wider fields of action, involving groups, mankind, all life, the physical universe, the spirit, and the Supreme Being. The optimum solution to any problem is held to be the one that brings the greatest benefit to the greatest number of dynamics.
Scientology teaches that spiritual progress requires and enables the attainment of high ethical standards. In Scientology, rationality is stressed over morality. Actions are considered ethical if they promote survival across all eight dynamics, thus benefiting the greatest number of people or things possible while harming the fewest.
ARC and KRC triangles
See also: Scientology terminology
The ARC and KRC triangles are concept maps which show a relationship between three concepts to form another concept. These two triangles are present in the Scientology symbol. The lower triangle, the ARC triangle, is a summary representation of the knowledge the Scientologist strives for. It encompasses Affinity (affection, love or liking), Reality (consensual reality) and Communication (the exchange of ideas). Scientologists believe that improving one of the three aspects of the triangle "increases the level" of the other two, but Communication is held to be the most important. The upper triangle is the KRC triangle, the letters KRC positing a similar relationship between Knowledge, Responsibility and Control.
Among Scientologists, the letters ARC are used as an affectionate greeting in personal communication, for example at the end of a letter. Social problems are ascribed to breakdowns in ARC – in other words, a lack of agreement on reality, a failure to communicate effectively, or a failure to develop affinity. These can take the form of overts – harmful acts against another, either intentionally or by omission – which are usually followed by withholds – efforts to conceal the wrongdoing, which further increase the level of tension in the relationship.
Social and antisocial personalities
While Scientology states that many social problems are the unintentional results of peoples imperfections, it asserts that there are also truly malevolent individuals. Hubbard believed that approximately 80 percent of all people are what he called social personalities – people who welcome and contribute to the welfare of others. The remaining 20 percent of the population, Hubbard thought, were suppressive persons. According to Hubbard, only about 2.5 percent of this 20 percent are hopelessly antisocial personalities; these make up the small proportion of truly dangerous individuals in humanity: "the Adolf Hitlers and the Genghis Khans, the unrepentant murderers and the drug lords." Scientologists believe that any contact with suppressive or antisocial individuals has an adverse effect on ones spiritual condition, necessitating disconnection.
In Scientology, defectors who turn into critics of the movement are declared suppressive persons, and the Church of Scientology has a reputation for moving aggressively against such detractors. A Scientologist who is actively in communication with a suppressive person and as a result shows signs of antisocial behaviour is referred to as a Potential Trouble Source.
Auditing
A Scientologist introduces the E-meter to a potential student.
Main article: Auditing (Scientology)
Scientology asserts that people have hidden abilities which have not yet been fully realized. It is believed that increased spiritual awareness and physical benefits are accomplished through counseling sessions referred to as auditing. Through auditing, it is said that people can solve their problems and free themselves of engrams. This restores them to their natural condition as thetans and enables them to be at cause in their daily lives, responding rationally and creatively to life events rather than reacting to them under the direction of stored engrams. Accordingly, those who study Scientology materials and receive auditing sessions advance from a status of Preclear to Clear and Operating Thetan. Scientologys utopian aim is to "clear the planet", a world in which everyone has cleared themselves of their engrams.
Auditing is a one-on-one session with a Scientology counselor or auditor. It bears a superficial similarity to confession or pastoral counseling, but the auditor records and stores all information received and does not dispense forgiveness or advice the way a pastor or priest might do. Instead, the auditors task is to help a person discover and understand engrams, and their limiting effects, for him- or herself. Most auditing requires an E-meter, a device that measures minute changes in electrical resistance through the body when a person holds electrodes (metal "cans"), and a small current is passed through them. Scientology asserts that watching for changes in the E-meters display helps locate engrams. Once an area of concern has been identified, the auditor asks the individual specific questions about it, in order to help him or her eliminate the engram, and uses the E-meter to confirm that the engrams "charge" has been dissipated and the engram has in fact been cleared. As the individual progresses, the focus of auditing moves from simple engrams to engrams of increasing complexity. At the more advanced OT auditing levels, Scientologists perform solo auditing sessions, acting as their own auditors.
The Bridge to Total Freedom
Spiritual development within Scientology is accomplished by studying Scientology materials. Scientology materials (called Technology or Tech in Scientology jargon) are structured in sequential levels (or gradients), so that easier steps are taken first and greater complexities are handled at the appropriate time. This process is sometimes referred to as moving along the Bridge to Total Freedom, or simply the Bridge. It has two sides: training and processing. Training means education in the principles and practices of auditing. Processing is personal development through participation in auditing sessions.
The Church of Scientology believes in the principle of reciprocity, involving give-and-take in every human transaction. Accordingly, members are required to make donations for study courses and auditing as they move up the Bridge, the amounts increasing as higher levels are reached. Participation in higher-level courses on the Bridge may cost several thousand dollars, and Scientologists usually move up the Bridge at a rate governed by their income.
Space opera and confidential materials
See also: Operating Thetan and Space opera in Scientology doctrine
The Church of Scientology holds that at the higher levels of initiation (OT levels), mystical teachings are imparted that may be harmful to unprepared readers. These teachings are kept secret from members who have not reached these levels. The Church states that the secrecy is warranted to keep its materials use in context, and to protect its members from being exposed to materials they are not yet prepared for.
The Scientology cruise ship Freewinds.
These are the OT levels, the levels above Clear, whose contents are guarded within Scientology. The OT level teachings include accounts of various cosmic catastrophes that befell the thetans. Hubbard described these early events collectively as space opera.
In the OT levels, Hubbard explains how to reverse the effects of past-life trauma patterns that supposedly extend millions of years into the past. Among these advanced teachings is the story of Xenu (sometimes Xemu), introduced as the tyrant ruler of the "Galactic Confederacy." According to this story, 75 million years ago Xenu brought billions of people to Earth in spacecraft resembling Douglas DC-8 airliners, stacked them around volcanoes and detonated hydrogen bombs in the volcanoes. The thetans then clustered together, stuck to the bodies of the living, and continue to do this today. Scientologists at advanced levels place considerable emphasis on isolating body thetans and neutralizing their ill effects.
The material contained in the OT levels has been characterized as bad science fiction by critics, while others claim it bears structural similarities to gnostic thought and ancient Hindu myths of creation and cosmic struggle. J. Gordon Melton suggests that these elements of the OT levels may never have been intended as descriptions of historical events, and that, like other religious mythology, they may have their truth in the realities of the body and mind which they symbolize. He adds that on whatever level Scientologists might have received this mythology, they seem to have found it useful in their spiritual quest.
Excerpts and descriptions of OT materials were published online by a former member in 1995 and then circulated in mainstream media. This occurred after the teachings were submitted as evidence in court cases involving Scientology, thus becoming a matter of public record. There are eight publicly known OT levels, OT I to VIII. The highest level, OT VIII, is disclosed only at sea, on the Scientology cruise ship Freewinds. It has been rumored that additional OT levels, said to be based on material written by Hubbard long ago, will be released at some appropriate point in the future.
A large Church of Spiritual Technology symbol carved into the ground at Scientologys Trementina Base is visible from the air. Washington Post reporter Richard Leiby wrote, "Former Scientologists familiar with Hubbard’s teachings on reincarnation say the symbol marks a return point so loyal staff members know where they can find the founder’s works when they travel here in the future from other places in the universe."
Ceremonies
In Scientology, ceremonies for events such as weddings, child naming, and funerals are observed. Friday services are held to commemorate the completion of a persons religious services during the prior week. Ordained Scientology ministers may perform such rites. However, these services and the clergy who perform them play only a minor role in Scientologists religious lives.
Influences
The general orientation of Hubbards philosophy owes much to Will Durant, author of the popular 1926 classic The Story of Philosophy; Dianetics is dedicated to Durant.
sintology
السيانتولوجيا
ساینتولوژی در برخی کشورها به طور رسمی مذهب شمرده میشود. برخی از این کشورها بدین قرارند: آفریقای جنوبی، استرالیا، ایالات متحده آمریکا، هندوستان، مکزیک، نیوزیلند، پرتغال، سوئیس، تایوان، تانزانیا، ونزوئلا، زیمبابوه.
ساینتولوژی این عقیده را تقویت می‌نماید که انسان‌ها ارواحی فناناپذیرند که اتصال با اصل خود را گم کرده‌اند. در این راستا انسان می‌بایست با هوشیاری کامل تمامی تجربه‌های تلخ زندگی خود را مرور کرده و به یاد آورد تا از آنها گذر کرده به سرچشمهٔ حیاتی خود نزدیک تر گردد. جان تراولتا و تام کروز از طرفداران این فرقه‌اند.
آراء مخالف
بزرگ‌ترین مخالفان این آئین در ایالات متحده را مسیحیان معتقد و اعضا سابق کلیسای ساینتولوژی تشکیل می‌دهند که از میان آنان تری مگو که خود به رده OT VII رسیده بود تشکیل می‌دهند. بسیاری معتقدند این آیین با استناد به حرفهای خود ران هابارد که اعتقاد داشت چنانچه نویسنده‌ای می‌خواهد بیش از یک سنت برای هر خط نوشته درآمد داشته باشد باید دینی بیاورد، تنها برای درآمد زایی ایجاد شده‌است. کلیسای ساینتولوژی به شدت در برابر نوشته‌های مخالف خود واکنش نشان می‌دهد و با استفاده از قانون کپی رایت و ادعای اینکه مخالفان اسرار این دین را فاش کرده‌اند با به دادگاه کشاندن بسیاری از مخالفان آنها را خاموش کرده‌است. همچنین تعدادی قتل هم به طرفداران این دین نسبت داده میشود.منبع
دیگر کشورها
در فرانسه ساینتولوژی فرقه به شمار می‌رود و مبلغان حق ندارند برای آن تبلیغ کنند و هر گونه فعالیت در این زمینه ممنوع بوده و شامل جریمه و مجازات زندان میشود. ساینتولوژی همچنین در آلمان و بلژیک فرقه محسوب میشود. در سوئیس به عنوان مذهب پذیرفته نشد و کارکرد آن را تجاری دانستند. در ایران هیچ مرکز رسمی ساینتولوژی وجود ندارد.
مراحل این دین به OT معروفند و به ترتیب OT I و OT II و... نامیده می‌شوند. در بخش موافقان و در کشور سوئیس بعنوان مذهب پذیرفته شده. در حالیکه در این بخش کارکرد آن را تجاری عنوان نموده‌اند. ممکن است در بسیاری دیگر از کشورها نیز وضعیت آن مشخص نباشد.
جستارهای وابسته
کلیسای ساینتولوژی
پروژه چنولوژی
پیوندهای بیرونی
وب‌گاه رسمی کلیسای ساینتولوژی
وب‌گاه توری مگو از اعضا سابق کلیسا و مربی جان تراولتا
وب‌گاه مخالفان ساینتولوژی
منابع
ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی
رده‌ها: ساینتولوژی دین‌های نوظهورشبه دانش فرهنگ غربی
قس عربی
السیَنتولوجیا، أو العِلمولوجیا، تشکل مجموعة من التعالیم الدینیة والمعتقدات، تستند إلى فلسفة علمانیة تأسست عام 1952 من قبل المؤلف رون هوبارد، من ثم أعاد نفس المؤلف صیاغتها باعتبارها "فلسفة دینیة تطبیقیة". بالنسبة لهوبارد فإن العلمولوجیا هی کما یمکن أن تفهم من الأصل اللاتینی لوجیا بمعنى خطاب أو دراسة وسیَنس أی علم بالتالی تکون "دراسة العلم أو دراسة المعرفة".
العلمولوجیا أشعلت جدلاً واسعاً. الانغلاق والسریة وأسالیب لی الذراع فی التعامل مع المنتقدین کانت سبباً للانتقادات والشک فی جمیع أنحاء العالم.
مبادئ العلمولوجیا وصفها العلماءو الأطباء بأنها علم کاذب. ولعل دلیلهم فی ذلک نابع من فلسفة العلوم التی تقول أن أی نظریة تستند إلى أی نوع من العلویة الماورائیة غیر قابلة للتکذیب وعلى هذا الأساس لیست علما (حسب بوبر). المشرعین، وبینهم حکومات دول عدة، وصفوا کنیسة العلمولوجیا على أنها مؤسسة تجاریة متهورة، ذاکرین تحرش تلک الکنیسة بمنتقدیها واستغلال أعضائها. کما تصنفها بعض الحکومات تحت المؤسسات أو التیارات المناهضة للدستور وتقوم بمراقبتها مخابراتیا ویعللون ذلک بکون حرکة الساینتولجی فی جوهرها حرکة لا دینیة مستندین إلى تاریخ الحرکة وکیفیة نشوئها, ویقولون أن الجانب الدینی فی الساینتولوجی قد أقحم فیها لکی تلقى تجاوبا من ذوی العقول البسیطة ولکی تظهر فی مظهر تیار حامل لقیم إنسانیة فی حین أن الحقیقة هی أن مؤسسی الحرکة وتاریخ نشأتها یدلون على عکس ذلک.
محتویات
فکرتها
تتلخص فکرتهم أو هدفهم فی مکننة الإنسان والعلاقات الإنسانیة على جمیع المستویات بدئا بالفرد ونهایة عند الدول ذلک لأن الخاصیات الإنسانیة متغیر غیر قابل للحساب أو التنبؤ به فی المعاملات یؤدی إلى أخطاء فادحة عند إتخاذ القرارات إلى حد إتخاذ قرارت غیر منطقیة (لکن أخلاقیة فی بعض الأحیان) فوجب إذن تخلیص الإنسان من هذه الخصائص الإنسانیة التی یرونها أنها موطن ضعفه والرقی به (حسب الساینتولوجی) إلى درجة إتقان عمل الماکنات. ویستدل أصحاب هذه الإتهامات على وجود العدید من القواعد والتمارین ضمن الحرکة هدفها محو الإرادة الشخصیة وتطویع الفرد فی خدمة المؤسسة (الساینتولوجیة) أو النظام عامة کضرب من ضروب الهندسة الاجتماعیة کواجب الطاعة العمیاء لمن فوقک فی هرم المؤسسة وعدم حق النقد وعدة تمارین تتعلق بمکننة الحیاة الیومیة کتمارین على المشی والضحک والصراخ إلخ هدفها التخلص من التلقائیة والمشاعر. ولعل الجدیر بالذکر عند هذه النقطة أن الفکر الساینتولوجی هو امتداد للتیار الذی یرى أن علم الاجتماع والنفس یخضع أو یجب أن یخضع لنفس مقاییس العلوم الهندسیة. وهنا تنشأ تعارضات مع بعض تشریعات الدول الدیمقراطیة التی ترى أن هذا التیار والفکرة أولا تسلب الفرد حریته وبذلک تتعارض مع دستور الدولة وثانیا تجعل إمکانیة قیام نظام دکتاتوری أکثر احتمالا لتلک الأسباب تعتبر العلمولوجیا طائفة دینیة سریة وحتى غیر قانونیة.
تتمثل هذه الفلسفة رسمیا عن طریق کنیسة السینتولوجیا، التی تصف نفسها بأنها منظمة غیر نفعیة تسعى لإصلاح وإعادة تأهیل الروح الإنسانیة، وهی تطرح نفسها کبدیل عن مدرسة التحلیل النفسی فهی تعتبر هذه المدرسة سلوک بربری متخلف. توصل هوبارد إلی أن الإنسان:
کائن حی خالد,
تتجاوز خبرته حدود حیاته الفردیة,
یتمتع بقدرات غیر محدودة حتی لو لم یدرکها فی حینها
وتؤکد العلمولوجیا علی عدم وجود علاقة بین الروح کمفهوم فلسفی وبین روح الإنسان الموجودة فی جسده, وتسبب وجوده الشعوری وبناء علیه فلا یعتبر المبشرون العلمولوجیا أنها مجرد إنجازات فلسفیة کبری فقط, لکنها ـ حسب أفکارهم المدونة ـ مبادیء قابلة للتطبیق, فهی تفسر وتشرح القوانین الأساسیة للحیاة, وتبین أسباب تصرف الإنسان بطریقة ما دون غیرها, وتعرض بوضوح معوقات البقاء وأفضل السبل لتذلیل هذه المعوقات, حتی یتحقق ذلک فعلی الإنسان أن یؤمن بأنه کائن مکون من:
جسم (body)
عقل (mind)
طاقة روحیة مسیطرة ومحرکة (thetan)
فالجسم أکبر قلیلا, کونه مجرد آلة, أما العقل فهو جهاز یحلل ویشکل رد الفعل ویحسب ویجمع الصور, وتبقی الروح المسیطرة التی هی الحیاة ذاتها والمسئولة عن تنشیط الجسم وعن استخدام العقل, ووفقا لأشکال العلاقة بین مکونات الإنسان الثلاثة وقیاس مناطق الضعف فی علاقاتها وفی الروح یمکن تحدید أسالیب حل مشاکل الإنسان المختلفة.
ابتکر هوبارد وسیلة أطلق علیها اسم الاستماع لتصبح هی محور ممارسة واستخدام العلمولوجیا, أما الشخص العلمولوجی المدرب علی استخدامها فیطلق علیه المستمع وقد اقتبس هوبارد الاسم من الکلمة اللاتینیة audire وتعنی یستمع, ویسمی الجهاز الذی یمکن المستمع من الاستماع المقیاس النفسی الکهربائی, وهو عبارة عن آلة شبیهة بالعداد المزود بمؤشر یتصل بها قطبان, وعندما یجلس الشخص أمام المستمع یمسک القطبین بیدیه, فتتدفق طاقة کهربائیة قوتها 1.5 فولت, وهی أقل من الطاقة اللازمة لتشغیل فلاش الکامیرا, لا یشعر بها الإنسان, ویوجه المستمع مجموعة من الأسئلة, ویتحرک مؤشر العداد وفقا لإجابات الشخص التی تفجر طاقة ما یلتقطها الجهاز من العقل, ویتم تسجیلها علی العداد, ویتم إعداد تقریر عن مشکلات الشخص قبل عرضها علی هیئة أعلی, وتجری الجلسة فی قاعة هادئة لا یسمح فیها بوجود أی شخص آخر غیر المستمع مع المستمع إلیه للحفاظ علی أسراره. وهو ما یذکرنا بفکرة الاعتراف وطقوسها فی المسیحیة.
الجدل بشأن الدیانة
کل دین جدید یثیر قدراً من الجدل، إلا أن الجدل الذی رافق دیانة العلمولوجیا فاق أی نظیر. ولذلک الجدل أسباب متعددة، منها:
مؤسس الدیانة، رون هوبارد، قام بتأسیسها اثر نقاش مع صدیق له على حافة حمام سباحة فی الخمسینات حول أقصر الطرق للحصول على ملیون دولار. هوبارد قال أنه یمکنه بناء ثروة شخصیة قدرها ملیون دولار عن طریق إنشاء دین جدید خاص به. النقاش تطور إلى رهان. ثم ما لبث هوبارد أن أنشأ الدین الجدید. هوبارد نفسه صرح بنفس الفکرة فی حدیث لمجلة ریدرز دایجست عام 1980.
الکنیسة تشتهر بأسلوب التهدید بالتقاضی حتى تخمد أی انتقادات.
الکنیسة تشجع أتباعها على قطع کل صلاتهم بأهلهم غیر المعتنقین للدیانة الجدیدة.
الکنیسة تورطت فی عدة قضایا فی الولایات المتحدة وأوربا لابتزاز أعضائها للحصول على أموالهم.
حالات وفاة غیر مبررة لبعض الأعضاء، مثل لیسا مکفیرسون.
أنشطة جنائیة لأعضاء الکنیسة للتربح الشخصی وللقیام بعملیات بالنیابة عن الکنیسة ومسئولیها.
أتباع الکنیسة اشتهروا بأسالیب ضغط مختلفة للتحایل على محرکات البحث مثل جوجل ویاهو لیتجاهلوا الکتابات المنتقدة للدیانة.
حکومات ألمانیا وبریطانیا وغیرهم ترفض الاعتراف بهم کدیانة.
من أشهر معتنقیها
الممثلان الأمریکیان توم کروز وجون ترافولتا.
شاهد المزید من الصور والملفات فی ویکیمیدیا کومنز حول: سینتولوجیا
مراجع
^ لفظ هجین مرکب من سِیِنتیا "علم" باللاتینیة و-لوجیا "علم" بالیونانیة. العلمولوجیا هجین کذلک وترجم جزئیا.
مصادر
Scientology Victims Testimonies Video testimonies of people who were victimized by Scientology organization
تصنیف: حرکات دینیة
قس ترکی آذری
Sayentologiya (ing. scientology - «bilginin (qəd. yun. λόγος) mənsı (lat. scio)») təlimi ingilis əsilli amerikalı Lafayette Ron Hubbard tərəfindən 1950-ci illərin əvvəllərində meydana çıxmışdır. Hubbard 10 mart 1911-ci ildə Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatlarında - Nebraska Ştatının Tilden şəhərində dünyaya gəlmişdir. O, gəncliyində Çinə və Hindistana səfər etmiş, buddist rahiblərdən ruhun mahiyyəti ilə bağlı bilgilər almış, onların bir çox ideyalarını mənimsəmişdir. Geniş fantaziyaya malik Hubbard yazıçılıqla da məşğul olur, mətbuatda məqalələrlə çıxış edirdi. Sonralar o, fəaliyyətini genişləndirərək, Sayentologiya təlimini yaratdı.
Yaranışı
Sayentologiya əvvəllər dini təlim deyil, psixoterapiyanın yeni bir sahəsi kimi təqdim edilirdi. Hubbardın oxucular arasında böyük şöhrət tapan "Dianetics: Ruh sağlamlığının müasir elmi" adlı əsəri zehni və fiziki xəstəliklərdən qurtulmağın üsullarını göstərən elmi əsər kimi qəbul olunurdu. Sonralar isə, bu ideologiya tərəfdarlarının çoxunun əks-reaksiyasına baxmayaraq, dini təlim kimi formalaşmışdır. Bəzi məlumatlara görə, Sayentologiyaya dini don geyindirilməsinin əsas məqsədi vergidən yayınmaq olmuşdur.
1954-cü ildə Sayentologiya din kimi ABŞ-da, Los Angeles şəhərində fəaliyyətə başladı. Sayentologiyanın "din" adlandırılması çox böyük mübahisələrə yol açdı. Çünki o, xristianlığın əsas təlimlərindən fərqli ideyalar irəli sürür. Eyni zamanda, o vaxtadək Sayentologiyanı elm kimi nəzərdən keçirən bir çox adamlar onun dini mahiyyət daşıması iddiasını qəbul etmirdilər.
Həm elmi mühit, həm də kilsə tərəfindən tənqid olunan Hubbard 1958-ci ildə İngiltərəyə köçdü. 1968-ci ildə isə o, bu ölkədən fəaliyyətlərinə görə deportasiya olundu. 1976-cı ildə ABŞ Sayentologiyanı rəsmi məzhəb kimi qəbul etdi və o, Sayentologiya Kilsəsi adı ilə tanınmağa başladı.
Sayentologiya Kilsəsi indiyə kimi fəaliyyət göstərir. Kilsə iyerarxik təşkilatlanmaya, geniş maliyyə imkanlarına malikdir və bir neçə istiqamətdə fəaliyyət göstərən qurumları var. Bunlar iqtisadiyyat, bank sistemi, təhsil və s. sahələri əhatə edir.
Təlimləri
Sayentologiyaya mənsub çoxlu kilsələr fəaliyyət göstərir. Hər bir kilsənin keşişi Sayentologiyanın əsas təlimlərini öyrənmək üçün "Müqəddəs Təpə" adlanan təhsil müəssisəsində hazırlıq keçir. Keşişlər insan üzərində "Auditing" (təftiş) adlanan metodla "Clear" (təmizləmə, aydınlatma) adlandırdıqları əməliyyat aparmağı, hipnoz etməyi öyrənir və digər zəruri vərdişlərə yiyələnirlər. Sayentologiyaya görə, dünya məhvə məhkumdur, ancaq Hubbardın göstərdiyi yolla xilas olmaq mümkündür. Hər bir insanda daxili qabiliyyətlər var, bunu üzə çıxarmaq üçün isə insanda məlumat bazası mövcuddur. Məlumat bazası düzgün informasiya ilə təmin edilməlidir. Bu isə sağlam düşüncədir. İnsan şüuru iki funksional hissəyə bölünür: - Həyati proseslərin həllinə görə məsuliyyət daşıyan "Analitik" ağıl; - İnsana əzab verən hadisələr, psixoloji problemlər təsirində olan "Reaktiv" ağıl. Sayentologiyaya görə, insan uğur əldə etmək üçün ona mane olan keçmişin düşüncələrindən yaxa qurtarmalıdır və bu, təlimə xas xüsusi üsullarla həyata keçirilir. Sayentoloqlar satanizmin, buddizmin və hinduizmin təlimlərindən yararlanırlar. Bazar günləri təşkilatın mərkəzində, yaxud şöbələrində yığıncaqlar təşkil olunur və ayinlər icra edilir. Bu ayinlər üç hissəyə ayrılır: - Birinci hissədə uzun müddət təcrübə keçmiş, "Senior Dianetics" adlandırılan keşiş Sayentologiyanın əsas prinsipləri haqqında vəz verir. Hubbardın əsərlərindən bölmələr oxunur və onun lentə alınmış moizələri dinlənilir. - İkinci hissə sual-cavab və müzakirələr üçün nəzərdə tutulur. İkinci və üçüncü hissələr arasında fasilə elan olunur. - Üçüncü hissədə isə, iştirakçılar iki-iki ayrılaraq bir-birinə ruhi müalicə adlandırdıqları "Auditing" tətbiq edirlər.
Yayılması və fəaliyyətləri
Sayentologiya dünyanın bir çox ölkələrində, o cümlədən ABŞ, Argentina, Yaponiya, İngiltərə, Fransa, Almaniya, Belçika, İrlandiya, Lüksemburq, Meksika, İsrail və Rusiyada geniş yayılmışdır. Bununla yanaşı, Afrika ölkələrində də özünə çoxlu tərəfdar tapmışdır. Sayentologiya qeyri-müsəlman ölkələrində daha aktiv fəaliyyət göstərir. Amma onun müsəlmanların üstünlük təşkil etdiyi ölkələrdə də təbliğ edilməsi ilə bağlı geniş iş aparılır.
Ümumiyyətlə, Sayentologiya dünya ölkələri tərəfindən çox təhlükəli təlim kimi qəbul olunur və ona qarşı mübarizə aparılır. göstərin
Sayentologiya Rusiya Federasiyası ərazisində də geniş yayılmışdır. Belə ki, 1994-cü ildə Sayentologiya dini təşkilat kimi Rusiyada qeydiyyatdan keçsə də, 1997-ci ildə yeni Qanunun qüvvəyə minməsi ilə yenidən qeydiyyata alınmaq zərurəti yaranmışdır. Bu zaman isə qeydiyyata alınmaqla bağlı problem yaranmış, iş İnsan Hüquqları üzrə Avropa Məhkəməsinə qədər gedib çıxmışdır.
Sayentologiya dini fəaliyyətdən daha çox təşəkkül tapdığı ölkələrin iqtisadi, siyasi həyatında aktivlik göstərir.
Commonsda Sayentologiya ilə əlaqədar müxtəlif fayllar var.
Kateqoriya: Vikipediya:Mənbəsiz məqalələrDinlər
ترکی استابولی
Scientology (okunuşu: Sayntoloci), ABDli bilim kurgu yazarı L. Ron Hubbard tarafından geliştirilen bir inanç ve buna bağlı uygulamarın bulunduğu bir din akımı. Başlarda Hubbard tarafından kişisel gelişim için hazırlanan bir felsefe iken daha sonra bir dini akıma dönüşmüştür.
Scientology, Scientology Kilisesinin dinini tanıtmak ve yaymak için kullanmaya çalışmaktadır.
Konu başlıkları
İnanış
Bundan 175 milyon yıl önce hüküm süren galaktik bir konfederasyonun lideri Xenu isimli varlık anlaşmazlık yaşadığı milyarlarca varlığı dünyamıza göndererek Hawaii yakınlarında bir yanardağa attırmıştır. Günümüzde insanları yaşadığı acı ve sıkıntıların kaynağı halen yeryüzünde olan o varlıkların ruhlarıdır. Bu ruhlara thetan denmektedir. Scientologye göre insanlar bu ruhların manevi baskısından kurtulunca gerçek mutluluğa kavuşacaklardır. Scientology üyeleri insan ruhunu arındırmak ve vücudun bir köşesinde barındırmak için çeşitli yöntemler geliştirdiklerini iddia ederler. Bu yöntemlere dianetics adını verirler. Hollywood yıldızlarından Tom Cruise, ve John Travolta bu inanç birliğinin içinde yer almaktadırlar.
Günümüz
Scientology, ABD başta olmak üzere bir çok ülkede ayrı bir din olarak kabul edilmiştir. Scientology 1990lı yıllardan sonra daha da ünlenmeye başlamıştır. Scientology yetişkin çizgi komedi dizisi South Parkın "Trapped in the Closet" adlı, 16 Kasım 2005 tarihli bölümüne konu olmuştur. Southparkın Scientologyi alaya alması üzerine Chefi seslendiren Isaac Hayes, Scientologye bağlı bulunması ve saygısızlık yapıldığını düşünmesi gerekçesiyle diziyle yollarını ayırmıştır.
Scientology 1950li yıllardan sonra dünyayı saran UFO dinlerine (Aetherius Society, Raëlism vb) benzetilebilir. ABDde yaygın ve güçlü bir yapılanması bulunmasına karşın Avrupada özellikle Almanyada tehlike olarak görülen Scientologye karşı sert tedbirler alınmaktadır.
Dış bağlantılar
Scientology Kilisesi web sitesi
Kaynakça
^ Melton 2000, sayfalar 28
^ Neusner 2003, sayfa 227
^ Finkelman, Paul (2006). isbn=978-0-415-94342-0 Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. CRC Press. ss. 287.
^ Lucy Morgan (29 Mart 1999). "Abroad: Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology". St. Petersburg Times. "In the United States, Scientology gained status as a tax-exempt religion in 1993 when the Internal Revenue Service agreed to end a long legal battle over the groups right to the exemption."
^ Toomey, Shamus (26 Haziran 2005). "TomKat casts spotlight back on Scientology.", Chicago Sun-Times
^ Beit-Hallahmi (2003). Scientology: Religion or racket?. Marburg Journal of Religion. ss. 1–11.
^ Marney (20 Mayıs 2007). "Cult or cure?". Opinion (Edinburgh: Scotsman). Erişim tarihi: 2009-01-04.
Mallia (1 Mart 1998). "Powerful church targets fortunes, souls of recruits". Inside the Church of Scientology. Boston Herald.
Huus, Kari (5 Temmuz 2005). "Scientology courts the stars". MSNBC. Erişim tarihi: 2009-01-04.
Din ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini genişleterek Vikipediye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
Kategoriler: Din taslaklarıScientolojiYeni dini hareketler
قس انگلیسی
Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by L. Ron Hubbard (1911–1986), starting in 1952, as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics. Hubbard characterized Scientology as a religion, and in 1953 incorporated the Church of Scientology in Camden, New Jersey.
Scientology teaches that people are immortal beings who have forgotten their true nature. Its method of spiritual rehabilitation is a type of counselling known as auditing, in which practitioners aim to consciously re-experience painful or traumatic events in their past in order to free themselves of their limiting effects. Study materials and auditing courses are made available to members in return for specified donations. Scientology is legally recognized as a tax-exempt religion in the United States, Italy, South Africa, Australia, Sweden, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain; and the Church of Scientology emphasizes this as proof that it is a bona fide religion. In other countries, notably Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, Scientology does not have comparable religious status.
A large number of organizations overseeing the application of Scientology have been established, the most notable of these being the Church of Scientology. Scientology sponsors a variety of social-service programs. These include the Narconon anti-drug program, the Criminon prison rehabilitation program, the Study Tech education methodology, the Volunteer Ministers, the World Institute of Scientology Enterprises, and a set of moral guidelines expressed in a booklet called The Way to Happiness.
The Church of Scientology is one of the most controversial new religious movements to have arisen in the 20th century. It has often been described as a cult that financially defrauds and abuses its members, charging exorbitant fees for its spiritual services. In response, Scientologists have argued that theirs is a genuine religious movement that has been misrepresented, maligned and persecuted. The Church of Scientology has consistently used litigation against its critics, and its aggressiveness in pursuing its foes has been condemned as harassment. Further controversy has focused on Scientologys belief that souls ("thetans") reincarnate and have lived on other planets before living on Earth, and that some of the related teachings are not revealed to practitioners until they have paid thousands of dollars to the Church of Scientology. Another controversial belief held by Scientologists is that the practice of psychiatry is destructive and abusive and must be abolished.
Contents
1 Etymology and earlier usage
2 History
2.1 Dianetics
2.2 The Church of Scientology
2.3 Recognition as a religion
3 Membership statistics
4 Beliefs and practices
4.1 Body and Spirit
4.2 Emotions and the mind
4.3 Survival and ethics
4.4 ARC and KRC triangles
4.5 Social and antisocial personalities
4.6 Auditing
4.7 The Bridge to Total Freedom
4.8 Space opera and confidential materials
4.9 Ceremonies
4.10 Influences
5 Organization
5.1 Practice and training organizations
5.2 Technology application organizations
5.3 Social reform organizations
5.4 Other entities
5.5 Free Zone and Independent Scientologists
6 Dispute of religion status
6.1 Scientology status by country
6.2 Scholarly views on Scientologys status as a religion
6.3 Scientology as a commercial venture
7 Controversies
7.1 Scientology and the Internet
7.2 Scientology and hypnosis
7.3 Auditing confidentiality
8 Celebrities
9 See also
10 References
11 Footnotes
12 External links
Etymology and earlier usage
The word Scientology is a pairing of the Latin word scientia ("knowledge", "skill"), which comes from the verb scīre ("to know"), and the Greek λόγος lógos ("word" or "account ").
Scientology, as coined by L. Ron Hubbard, comes from the Latin scio, which means "knowing, in the fullest meaning of the word" and the Greek word logos, which means "study of". Scientology is further defined as "the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself, universes, and other life."
In 1901, Allen Upward coined Scientology "as a disparaging term, to indicate a blind, unthinking acceptance of scientific doctrine" according to the Internet Sacred Text Archive as quoted in the preface to Forgotten Books recent edition of Upwards book, The New Word: On the meaning of the word Idealist. Continuing to quote, the publisher writes "Im not aware of any evidence that Hubbard knew of this fairly obscure book."
In 1934, philosopher Anastasius Nordenholz published a book that used the term to mean "science of science". It is also uncertain whether Hubbard was aware of this prior usage of the word.
History
See also: Timeline of Scientology
Dianetics
Main article: Dianetics
L. Ron Hubbard in 1950
Scientology was developed by L. Ron Hubbard as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics. Dianetics uses a counseling technique known as auditing, developed by Hubbard to enable conscious recall of traumatic events in an individuals past. It was originally intended to be a new psychotherapy and was not expected to become the foundation for a new religion. Hubbard variously defined Dianetics as a spiritual healing technology and an organized science of thought. The stated intent of Dianetics is to free individuals of the influence of past traumas by systematic exposure and removal of the engrams these events have left behind, in a process called clearing.
Hubbard, an American writer of pulp fiction, especially science fiction, first published his ideas on the human mind in the Explorers Club Journal and the May 1950 issue of Astounding Science Fiction magazine.The publication of Dianetics in May 1950 is considered by Scientologists a seminal event of the century. Two of Hubbards key supporters at the time were John W. Campbell Jr., the editor of Astounding Science Fiction, and Dr. Joseph A. Winter. Winter, hoping to have Dianetics accepted in the medical community, submitted papers outlining the principles and methodology of Dianetic therapy to the Journal of the American Medical Association and the American Journal of Psychiatry in 1949, but these were rejected.
May 1950 saw the publication of Hubbards Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. His book entered the New York Times best-seller list on June 18 and stayed there until December 24 of that year. Dianetics appealed to a broad range of people who used instructions from the book and applied the method to each other, becoming practitioners themselves. Hubbard found himself the leader of a growing Dianetics movement. He became a popular lecturer and established the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation in Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he trained his first Dianetics counselors or auditors.
Dianetics soon met with criticism. Morris Fishbein, the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association and well-known at the time as a debunker of quack medicine, dismissed Hubbards book. An article in Newsweek stated that "the dianetics concept is unscientific and unworthy of discussion or review". In January 1951, the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners instituted proceedings against the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation for teaching medicine without a license, which eventually led to that foundations bankruptcy.
Some practitioners of Dianetics reported experiences which they believed had occurred in past lives, or previous incarnations. In early 1951, reincarnation became a subject of intense debate within Dianetics. Campbell and Winter, who was still hopeful of winning support for Dianetics from the medical community, championed a resolution to ban the topic. But Hubbard decided to take the reports of past life events seriously and postulated the existence of the thetan, a concept similar to the soul. This was an important factor in the transition from secular Dianetics to the religion of Scientology.
Also in 1951, Hubbard introduced the electropsychometer (E-meter for short), a kind of galvanometer, as an auditing aid. Based on a design by Hubbard, the device is held by Scientologists to be a useful tool in detecting changes in a persons state of mind.
Publishers weekly gave a plaque posthumously to L. Ron Hubbard commemorating the appearance of Dianetics on its bestseller list for one hundred consecutive weeks. One scholar has called Dianetics the bestselling non-Christian religious book of the century.
The Church of Scientology
the Founding Church of Scientology in Washington D.C.
Main article: Church of Scientology
In 1952, Hubbard built on the existing framework set forth in Dianetics, and published a new set of teachings as Scientology, a religious philosophy. In December 1953, Hubbard incorporated three churches – a "Church of American Science", a "Church of Scientology" and a "Church of Spiritual Engineering" – in Camden, New Jersey. On February 18, 1954, with Hubbards blessing, some of his followers set up the first local Church of Scientology, the Church of Scientology of California, adopting the "aims, purposes, principles and creed of the Church of American Science, as founded by L. Ron Hubbard." The movement spread quickly through the United States and to other English-speaking countries such as Britain, Ireland, South Africa and Australia. The second local Church of Scientology to be set up, after the one in California, was in Auckland, New Zealand. In 1955, Hubbard established the Founding Church of Scientology in Washington, D.C. In 1957, the Church of Scientology of California was granted tax-exempt status by the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and so, for a time, were other local churches. In 1958 however, the IRS started a review of the appropriateness of this status. In 1959, Hubbard moved to England, remaining there until the mid-1960s.
The Church experienced further challenges. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began an investigation concerning the claims the Church of Scientology made in connection with its E-meters. On January 4, 1963, they raided offices of the Church of Scientology and seized hundreds of E-meters as illegal medical devices. The devices have since been required to carry a disclaimer saying that they are a purely religious artifact.
In the mid-sixties, the Church of Scientology was banned in several Australian states, starting with Victoria in 1965. The ban was based on the Anderson Report, which found that the auditing process involved "command" hypnosis, in which the hypnotist assumes "positive authoritative control" over the patient. On this point the report stated,
It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetic techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous ... the scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute ... leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology. Many scientology techniques are in fact hypnotic techniques, and Hubbard has not changed their nature by changing their names.
The Australian Church was forced to operate under the name of the "Church of the New Faith" as a result, the name and practice of Scientology having become illegal in the relevant states. Several years of court proceedings aimed at overturning the ban followed.
In the course of developing Scientology, Hubbard presented rapidly changing teachings that were often self-contradictory. For the inner cadre of Scientologists in that period, involvement depended not so much on belief in a particular doctrine but on unquestioning faith in Hubbard. In 1966, Hubbard stepped down as executive director of Scientology to devote himself to research and writing. The following year, he formed the Sea Organization or Sea Org, which was to develop into an elite group within Scientology. The Sea Org was based on three ships, the Diana, the Athena, and the Apollo, which served as the flag ship. One month after the establishment of the Sea Org, Hubbard announced that he had made a breakthrough discovery, the result of which were the "OT III" materials purporting to provide a method for overcoming factors inhibiting spiritual progress. These materials were first disseminated on the ships, and then propagated by Sea Org members reassigned to staff Advanced Organizations on land.
In 1967, the IRS removed Scientologys tax-exempt status, asserting that its activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard, rather than for charitable or religious purposes. The decision resulted in a process of litigation that would be settled in the Churchs favour a quarter of a century later, the longest case of litigation in IRS history.
In 1979, as a result of FBI raids during Operation Snow White, eleven senior people in the churchs Guardians Office were convicted of obstructing justice, burglary of government offices, and theft of documents and government property. In 1981, Scientology took the German government to court for the first time.
On January 1, 1982, Scientology established the Religious Technology Center (RTC) to oversee and ensure the standard application of Scientology technology.
On November 11, 1982, the Free Zone was established by former top Scientologists in disagreement with RTC. The Free Zone Association was founded and registered under the laws of Germany, and believes that the Church of Scientology has departed from its original philosophy.
In 1983, in a unanimous decision, the High Court of Australia recognized Scientology as a religion in Australia, overturning restrictions that had limited activities of the church after the Anderson Report.
On January 24, 1986, L. Ron Hubbard died at his ranch near San Luis Obispo, California, and David Miscavige became the head of the organization.
Starting in 1991, persons connected with Scientology filed fifty lawsuits against the Cult Awareness Network (CAN), a group that had been critical of Scientology. Although many of the suits were dismissed, one of the suits filed against the Cult Awareness Network resulted in $2 million in losses for the network. Consequently, the organization was forced to go bankrupt. In 1996, Steven L. Hayes, a Scientologist, purchased the bankrupt Cult Awareness Networks logo and appurtenances. A new Cult Awareness Network was set up with Scientology backing, which operates as an information and networking center for non-traditional religions, referring callers to academics and other experts.
In a 1993 U.S. lawsuit brought by the Church of Scientology against Steven Fishman, a former member of the Church, Fishman made a court declaration which included several dozen pages of formerly secret esoterica detailing aspects of Scientologist cosmogony. As a result of the litigation, this material, normally strictly safeguarded and used only in Scientologys more advanced "OT levels", found its way onto the Internet. This resulted in a battle between the Church of Scientology and its online critics over the right to disclose this material, or safeguard its confidentiality. The Church of Scientology was forced to issue a press release acknowledging the existence of this cosmogony, rather than allow its critics "to distort and misuse this information for their own purposes." Even so, the material, notably the story of Xenu, has since been widely disseminated and used to caricature Scientology, despite the Churchs vigorous program of copyright litigation.
Recognition as a religion
For more details on this topic, see #Dispute of religion status.
A Scientology Center on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California
In December 1993, the Church of Scientology experienced a major breakthrough in its ongoing legal battles when the IRS granted full tax exemption to all Scientology Churches, missions and organizations. Based on the IRS exemptions, the U.S. State Department formally criticized Germany for discriminating against Scientologists and began to note Scientologists complaints of harassment in its annual human rights reports, as well as the annual International Religious Freedom Reports it has released from 1999 onwards.
In 1997, an open letter to then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune, drew parallels between the "organized oppression" of Scientologists in Germany, and the treatment of Jews in 1930s Nazi Germany. The letter was signed by Dustin Hoffman, Goldie Hawn and a number of other Hollywood celebrities and executives. Commenting on the matter, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of State said that Scientologists were discriminated against in Germany, but condemned the comparisons to the Nazis treatment of Jews as extremely inappropriate, as did a United Nations Special Rapporteur.
In 2000, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that Scientology is a religion for legal purposes. In recent years, religious recognition has also been obtained in other countries, including Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, as well as Kyrgyzstan and the Republic of China (Taiwan). Other countries, notably Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium and the United Kingdom, refuse to grant Scientology religious recognition.
Membership statistics
In 2005, the Church of Scientology stated its worldwide membership to be eight million, although that number included people who took only the introductory course and did not continue on. In 2007 a Church official claimed 3.5 million members in the United States, but a 2001 survey conducted by the City University of New York found only 55,000 people in the United States who claimed to be Scientologists. Worldwide, some observers believe a reasonable estimate of Scientologys core practicing membership ranges between 100,000 and 200,000, mostly in the U.S., Europe, South Africa and Australia. In 2008, the American Religious Identification Survey found that the number of American Scientologists had dropped to 25,000.
Scientologists tend to disparage general religious surveys on the grounds that many members maintaining cultural and social ties to other religious groups will, when asked their religion, answer with their traditional and more socially acceptable affiliation. On the other hand, religious scholar J. Gordon Melton has said that the churchs estimates of its membership numbers are significantly exaggerated.
Beliefs and practices
Main article: Scientology beliefs and practices
According to Scientology, its beliefs and practices are based on rigorous research, and its doctrines are accorded a significance equivalent to that of scientific laws. "Scientology works 100 percent of the time when it is properly applied to a person who sincerely desires to improve his life", the Church of Scientology says. Conversion is held to be of lesser significance than the practical application of Scientologist methods. Adherents are encouraged to validate the value of the methods they apply through their personal experience. Hubbard himself put it this way: "For a Scientologist, the final test of any knowledge he has gained is, did the data and the use of it in life actually improve conditions or didnt it?"
Body and Spirit
Scientology beliefs revolve around the thetan, the individualized expression of the cosmic source, or life force, named after the Greek letter theta (θ). The thetan is the true identity of a person – an intrinsically good, omniscient, non-material core capable of unlimited creativity.
In the primordial past, thetans brought the material universe into being largely for their own pleasure. The universe has no independent reality, but derives its apparent reality from the fact that most thetans agree it exists. Thetans fell from grace when they began to identify with their creation, rather than their original state of spiritual purity. Eventually they lost their memory of their true nature, along with the associated spiritual and creative powers. As a result, thetans came to think of themselves as nothing but embodied beings.
Thetans are reborn time and time again in new bodies through a process called "assumption" which is analogous to reincarnation. Like Hinduism, Scientology posits a causal relationship between the experiences of earlier incarnations and ones present life, and with each rebirth, the effects of the MEST universe (MEST here stands for matter, energy, space, and time) on the thetan become stronger.
Emotions and the mind
See also: Tone scale
Scientology presents two major divisions of the mind. The reactive mind is thought to absorb all pain and emotional trauma, while the analytical mind is a rational mechanism which is responsible for consciousness. The reactive mind stores mental images which are not readily available to the analytical (conscious) mind; these are referred to as engrams. Engrams are painful and debilitating; as they accumulate, people move further away from their true identity. To avoid this fate is Scientologys basic goal. Dianetic auditing is one way by which the Scientologist may progress toward the Clear state, winning gradual freedom from the reactive minds engrams, and acquiring certainty of his or her reality as a thetan.
Scientology uses an emotional classification system called the tone scale. The tone scale is a tool used in counseling; Scientologists maintain that knowing a persons place on the scale makes it easier to predict his or her actions and assists in bettering her or his condition.
Survival and ethics
The Scientology symbol is composed of the letter S, which stands for Scientology, and the ARC and KRC triangles, two important concepts in Scientology.
Scientology emphasizes the importance of survival, which it subdivides into eight classifications that are referred to as dynamics. An individuals desire to survive is considered to be the first dynamic, while the second dynamic relates to procreation and family. The remaining dynamics encompass wider fields of action, involving groups, mankind, all life, the physical universe, the spirit, and the Supreme Being. The optimum solution to any problem is held to be the one that brings the greatest benefit to the greatest number of dynamics.
Scientology teaches that spiritual progress requires and enables the attainment of high ethical standards. In Scientology, rationality is stressed over morality. Actions are considered ethical if they promote survival across all eight dynamics, thus benefiting the greatest number of people or things possible while harming the fewest.
ARC and KRC triangles
See also: Scientology terminology
The ARC and KRC triangles are concept maps which show a relationship between three concepts to form another concept. These two triangles are present in the Scientology symbol. The lower triangle, the ARC triangle, is a summary representation of the knowledge the Scientologist strives for. It encompasses Affinity (affection, love or liking), Reality (consensual reality) and Communication (the exchange of ideas). Scientologists believe that improving one of the three aspects of the triangle "increases the level" of the other two, but Communication is held to be the most important. The upper triangle is the KRC triangle, the letters KRC positing a similar relationship between Knowledge, Responsibility and Control.
Among Scientologists, the letters ARC are used as an affectionate greeting in personal communication, for example at the end of a letter. Social problems are ascribed to breakdowns in ARC – in other words, a lack of agreement on reality, a failure to communicate effectively, or a failure to develop affinity. These can take the form of overts – harmful acts against another, either intentionally or by omission – which are usually followed by withholds – efforts to conceal the wrongdoing, which further increase the level of tension in the relationship.
Social and antisocial personalities
While Scientology states that many social problems are the unintentional results of peoples imperfections, it asserts that there are also truly malevolent individuals. Hubbard believed that approximately 80 percent of all people are what he called social personalities – people who welcome and contribute to the welfare of others. The remaining 20 percent of the population, Hubbard thought, were suppressive persons. According to Hubbard, only about 2.5 percent of this 20 percent are hopelessly antisocial personalities; these make up the small proportion of truly dangerous individuals in humanity: "the Adolf Hitlers and the Genghis Khans, the unrepentant murderers and the drug lords." Scientologists believe that any contact with suppressive or antisocial individuals has an adverse effect on ones spiritual condition, necessitating disconnection.
In Scientology, defectors who turn into critics of the movement are declared suppressive persons, and the Church of Scientology has a reputation for moving aggressively against such detractors. A Scientologist who is actively in communication with a suppressive person and as a result shows signs of antisocial behaviour is referred to as a Potential Trouble Source.
Auditing
A Scientologist introduces the E-meter to a potential student.
Main article: Auditing (Scientology)
Scientology asserts that people have hidden abilities which have not yet been fully realized. It is believed that increased spiritual awareness and physical benefits are accomplished through counseling sessions referred to as auditing. Through auditing, it is said that people can solve their problems and free themselves of engrams. This restores them to their natural condition as thetans and enables them to be at cause in their daily lives, responding rationally and creatively to life events rather than reacting to them under the direction of stored engrams. Accordingly, those who study Scientology materials and receive auditing sessions advance from a status of Preclear to Clear and Operating Thetan. Scientologys utopian aim is to "clear the planet", a world in which everyone has cleared themselves of their engrams.
Auditing is a one-on-one session with a Scientology counselor or auditor. It bears a superficial similarity to confession or pastoral counseling, but the auditor records and stores all information received and does not dispense forgiveness or advice the way a pastor or priest might do. Instead, the auditors task is to help a person discover and understand engrams, and their limiting effects, for him- or herself. Most auditing requires an E-meter, a device that measures minute changes in electrical resistance through the body when a person holds electrodes (metal "cans"), and a small current is passed through them. Scientology asserts that watching for changes in the E-meters display helps locate engrams. Once an area of concern has been identified, the auditor asks the individual specific questions about it, in order to help him or her eliminate the engram, and uses the E-meter to confirm that the engrams "charge" has been dissipated and the engram has in fact been cleared. As the individual progresses, the focus of auditing moves from simple engrams to engrams of increasing complexity. At the more advanced OT auditing levels, Scientologists perform solo auditing sessions, acting as their own auditors.
The Bridge to Total Freedom
Spiritual development within Scientology is accomplished by studying Scientology materials. Scientology materials (called Technology or Tech in Scientology jargon) are structured in sequential levels (or gradients), so that easier steps are taken first and greater complexities are handled at the appropriate time. This process is sometimes referred to as moving along the Bridge to Total Freedom, or simply the Bridge. It has two sides: training and processing. Training means education in the principles and practices of auditing. Processing is personal development through participation in auditing sessions.
The Church of Scientology believes in the principle of reciprocity, involving give-and-take in every human transaction. Accordingly, members are required to make donations for study courses and auditing as they move up the Bridge, the amounts increasing as higher levels are reached. Participation in higher-level courses on the Bridge may cost several thousand dollars, and Scientologists usually move up the Bridge at a rate governed by their income.
Space opera and confidential materials
See also: Operating Thetan and Space opera in Scientology doctrine
The Church of Scientology holds that at the higher levels of initiation (OT levels), mystical teachings are imparted that may be harmful to unprepared readers. These teachings are kept secret from members who have not reached these levels. The Church states that the secrecy is warranted to keep its materials use in context, and to protect its members from being exposed to materials they are not yet prepared for.
The Scientology cruise ship Freewinds.
These are the OT levels, the levels above Clear, whose contents are guarded within Scientology. The OT level teachings include accounts of various cosmic catastrophes that befell the thetans. Hubbard described these early events collectively as space opera.
In the OT levels, Hubbard explains how to reverse the effects of past-life trauma patterns that supposedly extend millions of years into the past. Among these advanced teachings is the story of Xenu (sometimes Xemu), introduced as the tyrant ruler of the "Galactic Confederacy." According to this story, 75 million years ago Xenu brought billions of people to Earth in spacecraft resembling Douglas DC-8 airliners, stacked them around volcanoes and detonated hydrogen bombs in the volcanoes. The thetans then clustered together, stuck to the bodies of the living, and continue to do this today. Scientologists at advanced levels place considerable emphasis on isolating body thetans and neutralizing their ill effects.
The material contained in the OT levels has been characterized as bad science fiction by critics, while others claim it bears structural similarities to gnostic thought and ancient Hindu myths of creation and cosmic struggle. J. Gordon Melton suggests that these elements of the OT levels may never have been intended as descriptions of historical events, and that, like other religious mythology, they may have their truth in the realities of the body and mind which they symbolize. He adds that on whatever level Scientologists might have received this mythology, they seem to have found it useful in their spiritual quest.
Excerpts and descriptions of OT materials were published online by a former member in 1995 and then circulated in mainstream media. This occurred after the teachings were submitted as evidence in court cases involving Scientology, thus becoming a matter of public record. There are eight publicly known OT levels, OT I to VIII. The highest level, OT VIII, is disclosed only at sea, on the Scientology cruise ship Freewinds. It has been rumored that additional OT levels, said to be based on material written by Hubbard long ago, will be released at some appropriate point in the future.
A large Church of Spiritual Technology symbol carved into the ground at Scientologys Trementina Base is visible from the air. Washington Post reporter Richard Leiby wrote, "Former Scientologists familiar with Hubbard’s teachings on reincarnation say the symbol marks a return point so loyal staff members know where they can find the founder’s works when they travel here in the future from other places in the universe."
Ceremonies
In Scientology, ceremonies for events such as weddings, child naming, and funerals are observed. Friday services are held to commemorate the completion of a persons religious services during the prior week. Ordained Scientology ministers may perform such rites. However, these services and the clergy who perform them play only a minor role in Scientologists religious lives.
Influences
The general orientation of Hubbards philosophy owes much to Will Durant, author of the popular 1926 classic The Story of Philosophy; Dianetics is dedicated to Durant.
sintology
السيانتولوجيا
نمایش تصویر
اطلاعات بیشتر واژه
آواشناسی:
منبع:
واژه‌نامه آزاد
معادل ابجد:
580
شمارگان هجا:
دیگر زبان ها
انگلیسی
sintology
عربی
السيانتولوجيا
تشریح نگارش (هوش مصنوعی)
کلمه «ساینتولوژی» (Scientology) یک واژهٔ غیرفارسی است که به یک مکتب فکری و روش درمانی اشاره دارد. در نگارش و استفاده از این واژه در زبان فارسی، نکات زیر می‌تواند مورد توجه باشد:
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نویسه‌نگاری: این واژه معمولاً به صورت «ساینتولوژی» نوشته میشود و در برخی موارد به شکل «ساینتولوژی» (با «ی» بیشتر) دیده میشود. شکل معمول و رایج‌تر همان «ساینتولوژی» است.
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آوایی: برای نمایش واضح آواها، می‌توان از حروف الفبای فارسی به شکل معین استفاده کرد. مثلاً، واژه به این صورت آوایی میشود: /sɛɪnˈtɒlədʒi/
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نقطه‌گذاری: استفاده از علامت‌ها و نقطه‌گذاری‌های مناسب در جملات و متن‌هایی که این واژه در آنها به کار می‌رود، باید رعایت شود.
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قواعد نگارشی: در جملات حاوی واژهٔ «ساینتولوژی»، باید به قواعد نگارشی مناسب توجه شود؛ مثلاً استفاده صحیح از حرف بزرگ در آغاز جمله و رعایت فواصل بین کلمات.
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تعبیر و تفسیر: در صورت توضیح یا بحث دربارهٔ ساینتولوژی، باید از تعبیرات و تفسیرات دقیق و بی‌طرفانه استفاده شود، به ویژه در متون علمی یا تحلیلی.
- نقل قول: در صورت جست‌وجوی اطلاعات از منابع خارجی، باید از روش‌های معتبر نقل قول و پارافریز استفاده شود.
با توجه به این نکات، می‌توان واژه «ساینتولوژی» را به درستی در متون فارسی به کار برد.