آستاکسانتین
license
98
1667
100
معنی کلمه آستاکسانتین
معنی واژه آستاکسانتین
astoxanthine
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آستاکسانتین
معنی:
آستاکسانتین (به انگلیسی: Astaxanthin) یکی از انواع الکل ها بصورت گردی سرخ با شناسه پاب‌کم ۵۲۸۱۲۲۴ است. که جرم مولی آن 596.84 g/mol می‌باشد.
جستارهای وابسته
ترکیب شیمیایی
نام‌گذاری اتحادیه بین‌المللی شیمی محض و کاربردی
منابع
↑ SciFinder Web (accessed Sep 28, 2010). Astaxanthin (472-61-7) Name
↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ ۲٫۲ SciFinder Web (accessed Sep 28, 2010). Astaxanthin (472-61-7) Experimental Properties.
↑ Hussein G, Goto H, Oda S, Sankawa U, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H (April 2006). "Antihypertensive potential and mechanism of action of astaxanthin: III. Antioxidant and histopathological effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29 (4): 684–8. PMID 16595899.
«IUPAC GOLD BOOK». بازبینی‌شده در ۱۸ مارس ۲۰۱۲.
این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون شیمی است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
رده‌ها: Articles with changed EBI identifierجعبه‌های اطلاعات شیمی که بخش‌های تأییدشده آن‌ها تغییر یافته استالکل‌هارنگ‌های خوراکی
همچنین
۷ غذای ضروری برای پوست زیبا عبارتند از :
آووکادو؛ منبع خوبی از بیوتین محسوب می‌شود و از خشکی پوست، شکنندگی مو و ناخن جلوگیری می‌کند.
گوجه فرنگی؛ بنا به یک تحقیق انجام شده مشخص شد که با مخلوط کردن رب گوجه با روغن زیتون و استعمال روزانه آن به مدت ۱۰ هفته می‌توان از آفتاب سوختگی جلوگیری کرد. صرف‌نظر از این‌که منبع غنی از لیکوپین (نوعی آنتی اکسیدان)است، گوجه فرنگی به عنوان یک میوه با کاروتنوئید بالا(Carotenoid) محسوب می‌شود. این مواد مغذی سلول‌ها را از گزند رادیکال‌های آزاد حفظ می‌کند.
سالمون؛ با خوردن سالمون روند پیری را کاهش دهید؛ سالمون حاوی آستاکسانتین (astaxanthin) است که انعطاف‌پذیری پوست را بالا می برد. بنابراین چروک‌های کم‌تری روی پوست خود خواهید داشت.
تخم مرغ؛ تخم مرغ منبع کاملی از پروتئین و حاوی بیوتین می‌باشد که یک ویتامین ضروری برای حفاظت از خشکی پوست محسوب می شود.
انار؛ این میوه که سرشار از آنتی اکسیدان است می‌تواند کولاژن (Collagen) بیشتری تولید کرده و به التیام پوست سرعت بخشد.
گردو؛ گردو منبع غنی از امگا ۳ محسوب می‌شود که به درخشندگی موها کمک کرده و باعث جوانی و طراوت پوست می‌شود.
لوبیا سبز؛ یک منبع دیگر از پروتئین است که می‌تواند به سلول‌های آسیب‌دیده از رادیکال‌های آزاد، کمک بکند.
در زمان هضم غذا، پروتئین به صورت اسید آمینه خرد می‌شود که به مثابه پوششی برای سلول‌ها عمل می‌کند. اسید آمینه به بهبود سلول‌های پوست سرعت می‌بخشند.
همچنین
ﺎﺩﻩ ﻏﺬﺍیﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻧﺪ
1- ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﻧﯽ، ﮔیﻼﺱ ﻭ ﺁﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮ
ﮐﻼﮊﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻨﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻃﺒیﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍیﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﯽ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ، ﺷﮑﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻭﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ
ﻣیﺴﺎﺯﺩ. ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣیﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ ﮐﻼﮊﻥ ﺩﺭﺑﺪﻥ، ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶﺳﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽیﺎﺑﺪ.ﻭﻟﯽ ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﮐﯽ ﻫﺎیﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﭘﺮﺭﻧﮕﯽ
ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﮐﻼﮊﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ. ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﻧﯽ، ﮔیﻼﺱ ﻭ ﺁﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮ ﺁﻧﺘﯽ ﺍﮐﺴیﺪﺍﻧﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒیﻌﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽﮐﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺳﻦ ﻭﺑﺮﺧﯽ
ﺑیﻤﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﻃﺮیﻖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺟﻠﻮﮔیﺮﯼ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ. ﺍﻧﺘﯽﺍﮐﺴیﺪﺍﻧﺖﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨیﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ
ﻣیﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ ﮐﻼﮊﻥ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺿﺨیﻢﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻧیﺰ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﮐﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ.
2- ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻥ، ﺗﺨﻤﻪ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﺎﺭﺩیﻦ
ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺍیﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻏﺬﺍیﯽ ﺷﺎیﺪ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ،ﻭﻟﯽ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎیﯽ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺩﮐﺘﺮ
ﺍﺳﺘیﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﮓ، ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﻋﻠﻤﯽﺳﺎیﺖ RightHealth.com ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﺬیﻪ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ، ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ
ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﻬﺘﺮیﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟیﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ، ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ
ﺩیﻮﺍﺭﻩﯼ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﺑﺪﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻏﺬﺍیﯽ، ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤیﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈیﻢ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ. ﮐﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭ
ﺟﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺯ ﺩیﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺗﺨﻢ ﮐﺘﺎﻥ، ﺗﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ، ﮔﺮﺩﻭﻭﺗﺨﻢ ﮐﺪﻭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ.
3- ﺷﻠﻐﻢ، ﮔﻞ ﻗﺎﺻﺪﮎﻭ ﺧﺮﺩﻝ ﺳﺒﺰﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻫﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ:ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎیﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻤﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺒﺪ ﭘﺎﮎ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﺑﻬﺘﺮ
ﮐﻞ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﺑﻬﺘﺮﺑﺪﻥ، یﻌﻨﯽ ﺷﺎﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻁﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩﯼ ﻗیﺎﻓﻪﻭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﮐﺒﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ
ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎﻭ ﮐﺸیﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ. ﺍﻭ ﺳﺒﺰﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮐﻠﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﮐﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺎﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺻیﻪ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ. ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍیﻦ ﺳﺒﺰﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻠﺦ
ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩﺗﺎ ﻓﺮﺩﺗﻤﺎیﻞ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷیﺮیﻦ ﻣﺰﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﻭﺗﺼﻔیﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ،
ﮐﺮﺑﻮﻫیﺪﺭﺍﺕﻫﺎﻭﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﺭﯼ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﻭیﺞ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘیﺮﯼ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﻗﻨﺪ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺑﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﭼﺮﺧﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ
ﮔﻼﮐیﺸﻦ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ، ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﭘﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻞ ﻭ ﭼﺮﻭﮐیﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.
4- ﭘﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻮﻫﯽ، ﺁﻭیﺸﻦ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻔﺮﯼ
ﺩﻭﺭیﺲ ﺩﯼ، ﻧﻮیﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﯼ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺯیﺒﺎیﯽ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵﮐﻨیﺪ : ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺯیﺒﺎ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺍﮔﺮﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ
ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻒﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭیﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯیﺎﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﮏﺯیﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺍﺭیﺪ. ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺩیﮕﺮ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ
ﻣیﺪﻫﺪ ﻭﺑﺎ ﺍیﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺿﻌیﻒﻭ ﺷﻞ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ. ﺑﺪﺗﺮیﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﻭﻧﻤﮏﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ
ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﮐﺒﻮﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯیﺮ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.ﻭﯼ ﺗﻮﺻیﻪ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺳﺪیﻢ، ﺍﺯﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭘﻒﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﻭﺭﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﻭﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ ﻧﻤﮏ
ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻭیﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﻭیﺸﻦ، ﺳیﺮ، ﭘﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻮﻫﯽ، ﺩﺍﺭﭼیﻦ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻔﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨیﺪ.
5- ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺩ
ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺴیﺎﺭ ﻣﻔیﺪﻧﺪ. ﮐﺮﻓﺲ، ﺑﺎﻗﻼ، ﻫﻮیﺞ ﻭ ﮔﻞ ﮐﻠﻢ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰﺍﻧﺪ. ﮐﻪﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﮎﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﻔیﺪﯼ ﻭ
ﺯیﺒﺎیﯽ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻨﺪﻩ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣیﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎیﻦ ﺭﺋیﺲ ﺁﮐﺎﺩﻣﯽ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﭙﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﺯیﺒﺎیﯽ ﺁﻣﺮیﮑﺎ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰﻭ ﺳﺎیﺮ ﻓیﺒﺮﻫﺎﯼ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍیﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻏﺬﺍیﯽ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻮیﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎیﯽ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯼﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻮ ﻣیﺪﻫﻨﺪ.
ﺍﮔﺮﻏﺬﺍیﯽ یﺎ ﻧﻮﺷیﺪﻧﯽﺍﯼ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍیﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻧﮓﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻋﻮﺽ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ، ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻤییﺰ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻧﺳﺧﮫ ﻗﺎﺑل ﭼﺎپ 10/16/12
www.exelov e.com/print/post-1526/ 2/3
ﮐﻨیﺪ. ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻧیﺪ ﺍﺯﺳیﺐ ﻭ ﺧیﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺒﺮیﺪ.
6- ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭیﺎیﯽ
ﮐﺎﺭﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺮﻣﻦ، ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺﺗﻐﺬیﻪ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎیﯽ ﮐﻪﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ، ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧیﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮیﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ.
ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮﺗﻮﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ، ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺷﺎﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣیﺪﻫﺪ. ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭیﺎیﯽ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ
ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷیﻤیﺎیﯽ ﮔیﺎﻫﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍیﻦ ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺳیﺐ ﺩیﺪﻩ، ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﯼ
ﺟﺪیﺪ ﻭﺗﻐﺬیﻪﯼ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.ﻏﺬﺍﻋﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﻟﻢ، ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺤیﻄﯽ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﭼﺎﺭﭘیﺮﯼ ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ.
ﮐﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘیﺪﺍیﺶﻋﻼﺋﻤﯽﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺎﺯﮎﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻭ ﭼﺮﻭﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.ﻭﺍﺳﺮﻣﻦ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭیﺎیﯽ
ﺍیﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﮑﺲﺑﻪﭘیﺶ ﻣیﺒﺮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﭙیﺮﻭﻟیﻨﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣیﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ.
7 – ﮔﻮﺷﺖ، ﭘﻨیﺮﻭﻋﺪﺱ
ﺍﺯ 5 ﮐیﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺷیﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ 5 ﮐیﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡﭘﻨیﺮﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁیﺪ.ﻭﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ، ﻧیﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍیﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ
ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﺒﻨﯽ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﯽ ﻧیﺴﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶﺳﻦ، ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺁﺳیﺐﺩیﺪﻩﻭﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘیﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻦ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ،
ﻣﺮﻍ، ﭘﻨیﺮ ﮐﻢ ﭼﺮﺑﯽ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰﯼﻫﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﻣیﺪﻫﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺎﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ، ﭼیﻦ ﻭ
ﭼﺮﻭﮎﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻭﺭیﺰﺵ ﻣﻮ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣیﺪﻫﻨﺪ. ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰﯼﻫﺎ ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻧیﺪ ﻟﻮﺑیﺎﻭﻋﺪﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﮐﻨیﺪ. ﺍیﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ
ﺳﺒﺰﯼ ﺩیﮕﺮﯼ، ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻨﯽ ﺑیﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
8- ﺯﺭﺩﻩﯼ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻍ، ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻋﻀﻠﻪﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺷیﺮ
ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﭼﻨﮓ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ:ﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ A ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺴیﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺑﺪﻥ ﮐﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ
ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺧﺸﮏﻭﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ. ﺩﮐﺘﺮﺩﯼ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ: ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ A ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﺪﯼ
ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔیﺮﺩﻭﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﭼﺮﻭﮐیﺪﮔﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍیﻦ ﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ،ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣیﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﮕﺮ،
ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻍ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﯽ ﮐﻪﺗﻤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺷیﺮﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻮیﺞ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﮐﻠﯽ، ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﺑﺘﺎﮐﺎﺭﻭﺗﻦﺍﻧﺪ، ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺪﻥ
ﺗﺒﺪیﻞ ﺑﻪﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ A ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ. ﺯﺭﺩﺁﻟﻮ، ﺷﻠیﻞ، ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ ﻭ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﯽ ﻧیﺰ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﺯﺑﺘﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﻭﺗﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
9- ﺷیﺮﺑﺎﺩﺍﻡ یﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍﻧﻪ
ﺷیﺮﺑﺎﺩﺍﻡ! ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮیﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﻐﺬﯼ ﺩﺭﺑیﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻟﺒﻨﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟیﻞ ﺍیﻨﮑﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺩیﺮﺯیﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﻨیﺰیﻢ، ﭘﺘﺎﺳیﻢ،
ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ، ﻣﺲ،ﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ E، ﺳﻠﻨیﻮﻡﻭ ﮐﻠﺴیﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺗیﻨﺎ ﺳیﺎﺗﺰ، ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺷیﺮﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍﻧﻪﺑﺴیﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﺮ
ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ یﮏﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺷﻮﺩ، ﻧﻪﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻧﻮﺷیﺪﻧﯽ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ، ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺎﻣیﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻐﺬﯼ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺷیﺮ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍﻧﻪ
ﭼﺎﺷﻨﯽﺍﯼ ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺩیﺮ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ یﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﻣﮕﺎ-3 ﻭ ﺍﻣﮕﺎ-6 ﺍﺳﺖ. ﮐﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ
ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺫﻫﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ، ﺳیﺴﺘﻢ ﺍیﻤﻨﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺑﺎﺷیﺪ. ﻫﺮﺩﻭ ﺍیﻦ ﻧﻮﺷیﺪﻧﯽﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ،
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍیﻦ ﻻﮐﺘﻮﺯﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ.ﻭﻟﯽ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻦﻫﺎیﯽﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺮﻣﯽ ﻭ ﻟﻄﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻩﻭﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺮﻣﯽ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.
10- ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ، ﺁﻭﻭﮐﺎﺩﻭﻭ ﺍﻧﺒﻪﺍیﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ یﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﮐﯽ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﻧیﺴﺖ! ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻠﻮﮔیﺮﯼ ﺍﺯﭘیﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻦ
ﺳیﻨﺎﺗﺮﺍ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﺍﻣﮕﺎ-3 ﺍﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺟﺮیﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﯽ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ
ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﻭﺗﻨﻮﺋیﺪ ﺿﺪ ﭘیﺮﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﮐﺴﺎﻧﺘیﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩیﻮﺍﺭﻩﯼ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ. ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ ﻫﻤﭽﻨیﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﯼ ﻣﺘیﻞ
ﺁﻣیﻨﻮ ﺍﺗﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑیﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮐﺸﺶ ﻣﺎﻫیﭽﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﺪﻩﻭﺑﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﺗﺮﺗیﺐ ﭼیﻦ ﻭ ﭼﺮﻭﮎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﺑیﻦ ﻣیﺒﺮﺩ.ﻧﺳﺧﮫ ﻗﺎﺑل ﭼﺎپ 10/16/12
www.exelov e.com/print/post-1526/ 3/3
ﺁﻭﻭﮐﺎﺩﻭﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﯽﺍﮐﺴیﺪﺍﻧﺖﻫﺎﻭ ﺍﻧﺒﻪﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ E ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣیﺖ ﺯﺩﺍیﯽ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑﺍﻧﺪ
قس انگلیسی
Astaxanthin (/æstəˈzænθɨn/) is a carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenes, which are built from five carbon precursors; isopentenyl diphosphate (or IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (or DMAPP). Astaxanthin is classified as a xanthophyll (originally derived from a word meaning "yellow leaves" since yellow plant leaf pigments were the first recognized of the xanthophyll family of carotenoids), but currently employed to describe carotenoid compounds that have oxygen-containing moities, hydroxyl (OH) or ketone (=0), such as zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Indeed, astaxanthin is a metabolite of zeaxanthin and/or canthaxanthin, containing both hydroxyl and ketone functional groups. Like many carotenoids, astaxanthin is a colorful, lipid-soluble pigment. This colour is due to the extended chain of conjugated (alternating double and single) double bonds at the centre of the compound. This chain of conjugated double bonds is also responsible for the antioxidant function of astaxanthin (as well as other carotenoids) as it results in a region of decentralized electrons that can be donated to reduce a reactive oxidizing molecule.
Astaxanthin is found in microalgae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, crayfish, crustaceans, and the feathers of some birds. It provides the red color of salmon meat and the red color of cooked shellfish. Professor Basil Weedons group was the first to prove the structure of astaxanthin by synthesis, in 1975.
Astaxanthin, unlike several carotenes and one other known carotenoid, is not converted to vitamin A (retinol) in the human body. Like other carotenoids, astaxanthin has self-limited absorption orally and such low toxicity by mouth that no toxic syndrome is known. It is an antioxidant with a slightly lower antioxidant activity in some model systems than other carotenoids. However, in living organisms the free-radical terminating effectiveness of each carotenoid is heavily modified by its lipid solubility, and thus varies with the type of system being protected.
While astaxanthin is a natural nutritional component, it can also be used as a food supplement. The supplement is intended for human, animal, and aquaculture consumption. The commercial production of astaxanthin comes from both natural and synthetic sources.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved astaxanthin as a food coloring (or color additive) for specific uses in animal and fish foods. The European Commission considers it food dye and it is given the E number E161j. Natural astaxanthin is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA, but as a food coloring in the United States it is restricted to use in animal food.
Contents
Natural sources
The following sources are used for the commercial production of astaxanthin:
Euphausia pacifica (Pacific krill)
Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill)
Haematococcus pluvialis (MicroAlgae)
Pandalus borealis (Arctic shrimp)
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, formerly Phaffia rhodozyma (yeast)
Pandalus borealis (Arctic shrimp) is colored by astaxanthin, and is used commercially as an astaxanthin source.
As a natural source, the following can be found in nature (or a production facility) with the approximate astaxanthin concentrations:
Source Astaxanthin concentration (ppm)
Salmonids ~ 5
Plankton ~ 60
Krill ~ 120
Arctic shrimp (P borealis) ~ 1,200
Phaffia yeast ~ 10,000
Haematococcus pluvialis ~ 40,000
Currently, the primary natural source for astaxanthin is the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis. It seems to accumulate the highest levels of astaxanthin in nature; Commercially more than 40 g of astaxanthin can be obtained from one kg of dry biomass. It has the advantage of the population doubling every week, which means scaling up is not an issue. However, it does require some expertise to grow the algae with a high astaxanthin content. Specifically, the microalgae is grown in two phases. First, in the green phase, the cells are given an abundance of nutrients to promote proliferation of the cells. In the subsequent red phase, the cells are deprived of nutrients and subjected to intense sunlight to induce encystment (carotogenesis), during which the cells produce high levels of astaxanthin as a protective mechanism against the environmental stress. The cells, with their high concentrations of astaxanthin, are then harvested.
Phaffia yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous exhibits 100% free, non-esterified astaxanthin, which is considered advantageous because it is readily absorbable and need not be hydrolysed in the digestive tract of the fish. In contrast to synthetic and bacteria sources of astaxanthin, yeast sources of astaxanthin consist virtually all in 3R, 3’R form, an important astaxanthin source in nature. Finally, the geometrical isomer, all-E, is higher in yeast sources of astaxanthin, as compared to synthetic sources. This contributes to greater efficacy because the all-E (trans) isomer has greater bio-availability than the cis isomer.
For obtaining astaxanthin from Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill), there are a number of issues:
Krill is also used as an astaxanthin source
The Krill fishing operation is complex. It is done in Antarctic waters, under extreme weather conditions and far away from ports with substantial operational complexities. Krills fishing location and the difficult weather conditions in the main fishing area, together with the costs involved in the operation, have contributed to a slow development of the industry. Krill fishing is by far different than any other fishing operation today known. The knowledge to work with it belongs to very few people in the world.
Astaxanthin is commercially collected from shrimp processing waste. 12,000 pounds of wet shrimp shells can yield a 6-8 gallon astaxanthin/triglyceride oil mixture.
Synthetic sources
Nearly all commercial astaxanthin for aquaculture is produced synthetically, with an annual turnover of over $200 million and a selling price of roughly $5000-6000 per kilo as of July 2012. However, synthetic production of astaxanthin is not preferred in some cases because synthetic astaxanthin contains a mixture of stereoisomers. Astaxanthin is fairly abundant and obtainable from natural sources, and some consumers prefer natural products over synthetic ones.
An efficient synthesis from isophorone, cis-3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1-ol and a symmetrical C10-dialdehyde has been discovered and is used commercially. It combines these chemicals together with an ethynylation and then a Wittig reaction. Two equivalents of the proper ylide combined with the proper dialdehyde in a solvent of methanol, ethanol, or a mixture of the two, yields astaxanthin in up to 88% yields.
Metabolic engineering
The cost of astaxanthin production, high commercial price and lack of a leading fermentation production systems, combined with the shortfalls of chemical synthesis mean that research into alternative fermentation production methods has been carried out. Metabolic engineering offers the opportunity to create biological systems for the production of a specific target compound. The metabolic engineering of bacteria (Escherichia coli) recently allowed production of astaxanthin at 90% of the total carotenoids, providing the first engineered production system capable of efficient astaxanthin production. Astaxanthin biosynthesis proceeds from beta-carotene via either zeaxanthin or canthaxanthin. Historically, it has been assumed that astaxanthin biosynthesis proceeds along both routes. However, recent work has suggested that efficient biosynthesis may, in fact, proceed from beta-carotene to astaxanthin via zeaxanthin. The production of astaxanthin by metabolic engineering, in isolation, will not provide a suitable alternative to current commercial methods. Rather, a bioprocess approach should be adopted. Such an approach would consider fermentation conditions and economics, as well as downstream processing (extraction). Carotenoid extraction has been studied extensively, for example, the extraction of canthaxanthin (a precursor to astaxanthin) was studied within an E. coli production process demonstrating that extraction efficiency was increased substantially when two solvents; acetone and methanol, were used sequentially rather than as a combined solution.
Difference between natural and synthetic forms
Astaxanthin has two chiral centers, at the 3- and 3′-positions. Therefore, there are three stereoisomers; (3R,3′R), (3R,3′S) (meso), and (3S,3′S). Synthetic astaxanthin contains a mixture of the three, in approximately 1:2:1 proportions. Naturally occurring astaxanthin varies considerably from one organism to another. The astaxanthin in fish is of whatever stereoisomer the fish ingested. The astaxanthin produced by haematococcus pluvialis, which is commonly used in the feed of animals that are in turn consumed by humans, is the (3S,3′S) stereoisomer.
Uses
Astaxanthin is used as a feed supplement for salmon, crabs, shrimp, chickens and egg production. Regardless of the source, astaxanthin provides some important benefits beyond coloration. It also has been found to be essential for proper growth and survival.
For seafood and animals
The primary use of synthetic astaxanthin today is as an animal feed additive to impart coloration, including farm-raised salmon and egg yolks. Synthetic carotenoid pigments colored yellow, red or orange represent about 15–25% of the cost of production of commercial salmon feed. Today, almost all commercial astaxanthin for aquaculture is produced synthetically from petrochemical sources. While it constitutes a tiny portion of salmon feed (50 to 100 parts per million), astaxanthin represents a major share of the cost, up to 20 percent.
Class action lawsuits have been filed against some major grocery store chains for not clearly labeling the salmon "color added". The chains followed up quickly by labeling all such salmon as "color added". "...law-firm Smith & Lowney persisted with the suit for damages, but a Seattle judge dismissed case, ruling that enforcement of the applicable food laws was up to government and not individuals."
For humans
The primary use for humans is as a food supplement. Research shows that, due to astaxanthins potent antioxidant activity, it may be beneficial in cardiovascular, immune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Some research supports the assumption that it may protect body tissues from oxidative and ultraviolet damage through its suppression of NF-κB activation.
Role in the food chain
It has been speculated that gulls are "flushed" pink when molting, especially in areas with farm-raised salmon. However, not enough is known about the relationship between astaxanthin and plumage. For example, cardinals seem to produce astaxanthin from carotenoids when molting, even when fed primarily seed with natural yellow dye.
Lobsters, shrimp, and some crabs turn red when cooked because the astaxanthin, which was bound to the protein in the shell, becomes free as the protein denatures and unwinds. The freed pigment is thus available to absorb light and produce the red color.
Regulations
In April 2009, the US FDA approved astaxanthin as an additive for fish feed only as a component of a stabilized color additive mixture. Color additive mixtures for fish feed made with astaxanthin may contain only those diluents that are suitable. The color additives astaxanthin, ultramarine blue, canthaxanthin, synthetic iron oxide, dried algae meal, Tagetes meal and extract, and corn endosperm oil are approved for specific uses in animal foods. Haematococcus algae meal (21 CFR 73.185) and Phaffia yeast (21 CFR 73.355) for use in fish feed to color salmonoids were added in 2000. In the European Union, astaxanthin-containing food supplements derived from sources that have no history of use as a source of food in Europe, fall under the remit of the Novel Food legislation, EC (No.) 258/97. Since 1997, there have been five novel food applications concerning products that contain astaxanthin extracted from these novel sources. In each case, these applications have been simplified or substantial equivalence applications, because astaxanthin itself is recognised as a food component in the EU diet.
References
^ SciFinder Web (accessed Sep 28, 2010). Astaxanthin (472-61-7) Name
^ a b c SciFinder Web (accessed Sep 28, 2010). Astaxanthin (472-61-7) Experimental Properties.
^ Hussein G, Goto H, Oda S, Sankawa U, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H (April 2006). "Antihypertensive potential and mechanism of action of astaxanthin: III. Antioxidant and histopathological effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29 (4): 684–8. PMID 16595899.
^ Carotenoid Introductory
^ Carotenoid — See: Astaxanthin
^ Cooper, R. D. G.; Davis, J. B.; Leftwick, A. P.; Price, C.; Weedon, B. (1975). "Carotenoids and related compounds. XXXII. Synthesis of astaxanthin, hoenicoxanthin, hydroxyechinenone, and the corresponding diosphenols". J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1: 2195–2204.
^ Mortensen, A.; Skibsted, L. H. (1997). "Importance of carotenoid structure in radical scavenging reactions". J. Agric. Food Chem. 45 (8): 2970−7. doi:10.1021/jf970010s.
^ a b "Summary of Color Additives for Use in United States in Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices". See Note 1.
^ — Currently unlisted. Will look for a better ref.
^ Astaxanthin wins full GRAS status
^ Algatechnologies gets GRAS for AstaPure astaxanthin
^ Summary of Color Additives for Use in United States in Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices
^
^ Haematococcus pluvialis
^ astafactor.com Algae
^ a b c d astafactor.com Astax
^ a b c Boussiba; Sammy, V.; Avigad, C.; et al. (2000) Procedure for large-scale production of astaxanthin from haematococcus. U. S. Patent 6,022,701.
^ Astaxanthin Source Comparison
^ aquafeed.com
^ Anderson, Lyle K. Extraction of Carotenoid Pigment from Shrimp Processing Waste. U.S. Patent 3906112. Sep 16, 1975
^ Ashfords Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, 3rd Edition, 2011, page 984
^ Krause, Wolfgang; Henrich, Klaus; Paust, Joachim; et al. Preaparation of Astaxanthin. DE 19509955.9 Mar. 18, 1995
^ Scaife, M. A.; Burja, A. M.; Wright, P. C. (2009). "Characterization of cyanobacterial β-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase genes inEscherichia coli, and their application for astaxanthin biosynthesis". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 103 (5): 944–955. doi:10.1002/bit.22330. PMID 19365869. edit
^ Scaife, MA; Ma, CA; Ninlayarn, T; Wright, PC; Armenta, RE (2012 May 22). "Comparative Analysis of β-Carotene Hydroxylase Genes for Astaxanthin Biosynthesis.". Journal of Natural Products 75 (6): 1117–24. doi:10.1021/np300136t. PMID 22616944.
^ Lemuth, K; Steuer, K; Albermann, C (2011 Apr 26). "Engineering of a plasmid-free Escherichia coli strain for improved in vivo biosynthesis of astaxanthin.". Microbial cell factories 10: 29. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-10-29. PMC 3111352. PMID 21521516.
^ Scaife, M.A.; Ma, C.A., Armenta, R.E. (2012). "Efficient extraction of canthaxanthin from Escherichia coli by a 2-step process with organic solvents". Bioresource Technology 111: 276-281. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.155. PMID 22353211.
^ US application 20050014824 (online here) (also EP 1442083)
^ — just the egg part
^ Fisheries and Oceans Canada — Aquaculture Issues
^ a b "Smith & Lowney — Farm-raised Salmon Coloring". 2003. Retrieved 14 Oct 2009.
^ "Pigments in Salmon Aquaculture: How to Grow a Salmon-colored Salmon". Archived from the original on 13 Oct 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
^ Fassett, Robert G.; Coombes, Jeff S. (2009). "Astaxanthin, oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease". Future Cardiology 4 (3): 333–342.
^ Guerin M, Huntley ME, Olaizola M (May 2003). "Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition". Trends Biotechnol. 21 (5): 210–6. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00078-7. PMID 12727382. as PDF
^ Lennikov A, Nobuyoshi K, Risa Fukase (March 2012). "Amelioration of ultraviolet-induced photokeratitis in mice treated with astaxanthin eye drops". Mollecular Vision. 18: 455-64. PMID 3291518. as PDF
^ McGraw, Kevin; Hardy, Lisa (2006) (pdf). Astaxanthin is responsible for the pink plumage flush in Franklins and Ring-billed gulls. Tempe, AZ: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University. pp. 5.
^ "Notes on the effects of Astaxanthin on the plumage of birds". 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^
^
^ See 21 CFR 73.35,73.50, 73.75, 73.200, 73.275, 73.295, 73.315, respectively.
^ Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 §73.35 FDA decision on Astaxanthin
^ Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 §73.185 FDA decision on Haematococcus algae meal
^ Food Additive Status List 2009
^ UK novel food application
^ UK novel food application
^ UK novel food application
^ UK novel food application
External links
Astaxanthin — Frequently Asked Questions
AstaFactor Technical Report Haematococcus Pluvialis and Astaxanthin Safety For Human Consumption
Articles on Astaxanthin See reference table for a large well researched list of articles.
aquafeed.com Natural Foods through marine Krill Meal — 09/09/2003
Development of microalgal pigments for aquaculture in Europe; Final Report, February, 2001.
Study of the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in wild-type and deregulated strains of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Ex.: Phaffia rhodozyma).
Multibudding in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Cells Under Hydric and Nitrogen Stress
The Effects of Three Carotenoid Sources on Growth and Pigmentation of Juvenile Freshwater Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus
Astaxanthin for aquaculture — Carophyll Pink since 1985
Aquasta: Naturally-sourced astaxanthin from Phaffia Yeast
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ASTAXANTHIN
Other Names: Astaxanthine, Astaxantina, Dihydroxy-3,3’ dioxo-4,4’ bêta-carotène, Microalgae, Microalgue, Micro-Algue, Ovoester, 3,3-dihydroxy-4,4-diketo-beta-carotene, 3S,3S-astaxanthin, 3R,3R-astaxanthin, 3R,3S-astaxanthin.
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42 User Reviews
ASTAXANTHIN OVERVIEW INFORMATION
Astaxanthin is a reddish pigment that belongs to a group of chemicals called carotenoids. It occurs naturally in certain algae and causes the pink or red color in salmon, trout, lobster, shrimp, and other seafood.
Astaxanthin is used for treating Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, “brain attack” (stroke), high cholesterol, and an eye condition called age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is also used for preventing cancer.
Astaxanthin is applied directly to the skin for protection against sunburn.
How does it work?
Astaxanthin is an antioxidant. This effect might protect cells from damage. Astaxanthin might also improve the way the immune system functions.
View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement
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Conditions of Use and Important Information: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health acre professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.
This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. © Therapeutic Research Faculty 2009.
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Astaxanthin: The Little-Known Miracle Nutrient for Inflammation, Anti-Aging, Athletic Endurance and More
Tuesday, May 06, 2008
by Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
Editor of NaturalNews.com (See all articles...)
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(NaturalNews) Every once in a very great while, I discover a natural supplement so astonishing that I feel compelled to share it with you. Mother Nature created this natural supplement eons ago, and its been present in trace amounts in aquatic ecosystems for over a billion years. In this article, Im going to reveal the name of this natural medicine and what health benefits it provides to us. But first, before revealing the name, I want to share some of the numerous health benefits with you so you get the full picture of just how significant this substance can be in enhancing your health.
Did you ever notice how the drug companies get excited when they find a drug that just slightly alters the risk of a single disease? I remember hearing all the hype about a particular cancer drug made by Big Pharma. It was called a "miracle" drug that needed to be fast-tracked so it could start saving lives. When I looked at the research, however, it only turned out to prevent cancer in one woman out of two hundred (a 0.5% reduction in the risk of breast cancer). Gee, thats not much get excited about. And yet they called it a "miracle" drug!
Well imagine if there were a natural substance that operated at many different biochemical levels at once, providing all the following health benefits (yes, from a single source!):
• Reduces proliferation of breast cancer tumor cells by 40%
• Protects the brain from dementia and Alzheimers
• Greatly reduces inflammation and joint pain
• Reduces oxidative damage to your DNA by 40% (even at low doses)
• Greatly increases endurance, muscle recovery and workout performance
• Reduces the risk of cancer
• Reduces blood sugar level in diabetics and prediabetics
• Improves fertility while decreasing the rate of stillborn births
• Promotes cardiovascular health, reduces C-Reactive Proteins (CRP)
• Reduces or eliminates carpal tunnel syndrome
• Boosts immune function and helps the body resist infections
• Protects the stomach from ulcers and invasive bacteria
• Protects the kidneys from damage due to high blood sugar
• Causes cancer cells to commit suicide (apoptosis)
• Greatly improves sperm quality, motility, and sperm count
• Prevents asthma by normalizing histamine levels
• Protects the body from highly oxidative foods like fried foods
In addition, Ive found that this natural medicine supplement:
• Greatly protects eye health, reduces cataracts and prevents UV damage to the eyes
• Makes skin look younger and functions as a natural internal sunscreen that prevents DNA damage and sunburn
• Protects the body from the dangerous oxidizing effects of Vioxx and COX-2 inhibitors, meaning that is can actually reduce the harmful side effects and deaths caused by other anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals
Now, if all that is really true -- and Ill show you in a minute that it is true -- that would make this one of the most miraculous medicines ever discovered by modern science, wouldnt it? For any one substance to prevent and treat so many different diseases -- and to protect the human body in so many different ways -- is nothing short of truly miraculous. So why isnt this nutrient front-page news?
The answer, of course, is because it cant be patented. This natural substance (which I will reveal below) is created by microalgae, so its not something that was invented by a drug company scientist for patenting purposes. And the sad fact of the matter is that drug companies arent interested in medicines that cant be patented, no matter how helpful or miraculous they may really be.
And yes, all the health benefits Ive described for this supplement are, indeed, quite true. And theyre backed by clinical trials and research papers that are fascinating in what they contain, and yet have never been picked up by the mainstream media. In other words, this nutrient may be the most powerful natural medicine youve never heard about!
Maybe you have heard about it already, but heres something else...
Its possible, of course, that you have heard about it. Especially if youve been reading NaturalNews for some time (Ive mentioned it on this website many times before). But until recently, I never fully understood the health benefits of taking larger doses of the nutrient.
Previously, I was only taking 2mg - 4mg per day. But for a while now, Ive been taking 16mg per day (400% more than before), and Ive discovered something truly astounding: The health benefits of this natural medicine keep increasing as the dose increases (to a limit, of course). Ive found that 16mg a day is the ideal dosage for me to experience maximum benefits from this supplement... benefits that include outstanding athletic performance, a significant reduction in muscle soreness and joint pain, radical improvements in resistance to UV sun exposure, stabilized blood sugar and many more.
So what is this mystery nutrient? Its astaxanthin, a deep red-colored phytonutrient synthesized by microalgae called Haematococcus. Its grown in fresh water using sophisticated techniques that encourage the algae to grow its own powerful medicines that protect it from oxidation, UV radiation and other environmental stresses. When harvested from the algae and concentrated into a liquid, astaxanthin becomes the most powerful antioxidant known in the natural world, demonstrating 550 times the antioxidant power of Vitamin E, for example.
Now why is antioxidant power important? Think about it: Much of what goes on during the aging of the human body is due to oxidation. Every time you breathe, youre inhaling some oxygen, right? That oxygen reacts with your cells to create energy, but the byproduct of that energy is the creation of free radicals. These free radicals cause DNA damage, nerve cell damage, accelerated aging of internal organs and more.
The way to stop those free radicals is with antioxidants, which bind to them, neutralizing their damaging effects. Astaxanthin, it turns out, is so good at halting free radicals that it seems to confer miracle-class health benefits to the human body... benefits that might be described as "anti-aging" or "reversing disease."
Right to the muscles and tissues that need them
It gets even better: Unlike most antioxidants, astaxanthin is fat-soluble, meaning it gets carried by fat molecules directly to tissues and organs in your body where it can do the most good, like your retina, your brain, your breast tissue, prostate tissue, and skeletal muscles. You know what makes the flesh of salmon pink? Astaxanthin. And guess what gives salmon the seemingly superhuman ability to achieve marathon swimming feats, leaping up waterfalls against the current? Astaxanthin, of course. Without astaxanthin, salmon are mere average performers, and their survival rate drops to less than one in five. But with astaxanthin, they become superstars of the aquatic world, performing feats of physical strength and endurance that, in proportion, dwarf the greatest achievements of the worlds top human athletes. (And their survival rate on salmon farms leaps from 17% to an astonishing 98%!)
You see, when astaxanthin is present in muscles and other tissues, it prevents oxidation right where its needed: Right at the site of stress or potential oxidation. Ever notice how you breathe more air when youre exercising? Thats more oxygen youre pumping through your tissues, and more oxygen means more oxidation. So the more you exercise, the more you need powerful antioxidants like astaxanthin. This helps explain why some athletes who work out hard but dont supplement with superfoods and antioxidants seem to age faster than everyone else. Exercising without antioxidants is like putting yourself on an aging acceleration program!
The fact that astaxanthin goes right to the muscles gives it the ability to protect muscles from all sorts of degenerative conditions. A horse suffering from a severe muscle conditions called rhabdomyolysis, for example (which can also be caused by statin drugs), was given 30mg of astaxanthin a day. In merely a few weeks, he was 100% symptom free and running again! (The owners were no doubt astonished.)
In fact, astaxanthin has been used in all kinds of ways to enhance the health of animals. In animal tests, it has been shown to:
• Greatly increase the longevity and survival rate of salmon and chickens
• Increase egg production by a whopping 300% in salmon
• Significantly lower salmonella infections in chickens
• Reduced infections by increasing immune resistance in every animal its been tested with
• Accelerated the growth of farmed salmon by 600%! (Seems impossible, but its true...)
The animals who have been fed a small amount of astaxanthin in their diet, it seems, experience phenomenal health benefits. Every type of animal given astaxanthin lives longer, grows faster, exhibits greater fertility and shows much stronger immune system function. Do these sound like benefits youd like to experience, too?
Supercritical extraction means no toxic solvents!
Speaking of high quality ingredients, I think its important to know how nutrients are extracted from their natural sources. Sadly, some companies use toxic, explosive chemicals to extract their nutrients. A famous provider of DHA oils, for example, uses highly toxic hexane to extract the oils. Thats just plain awful.
Supercritical CO2 extraction, on the other hand, is safe and far more "natural." It uses compressed CO2 to pull out key nutrients, after which the CO2 evaporates harmlessly into the ambient air (from which the CO2 was gathered in the first place). Thus, it introduces no new chemicals into the environment, and it leaves nothing in the resulting product that might be harmful to you. This process -- called "supercritical CO2 extraction" -- is the best extraction process in the business, and its used on premium-quality supplements like neem oil. It also happens to be the process used by Cyanotech to extract their astaxanthin from the Haematococcus algae.
That means this astaxanthin contains no toxic solvent chemicals whatsoever! Thats one of the many reasons why we gave it our Editors Choice award: Because its an honest product, with zero chemical contaminants (or as close to zero as you can get on the planet today), that offers astounding health benefits. Cyanotechs astaxanthin deserves every bit of publicity we can bring it. I truly consider it to be one of the most important nutrients ever discovered for human health.
My top 4 nutrients for human health
Speaking of top nutrients for human health, would you like to know what I think are the top 4 most important nutrients for human health? They are:
#1: Vitamin D
#2: Omega-3 fatty acids
#3: Astaxanthin
#4: Turmeric
Vitamin D is crucial, of course, due to its miracle-class ability to halt cancer (77% of ALL cancers are prevented by vitamin D alone!), to ease depression, boost bone health, enhance heart health and much, much more. Its the single most impressive nutrient Ive ever found. Nothing beats vitamin D in terms of the number of important health benefits derived from a single substance.
Next comes omega-3 fatty acids, which have proven to be miraculous, too, in terms of preventing cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, depression and much more. Plus, you can get these from plant sources (like chia seeds or flax seeds) or animal source (fish oil, krill oil, etc.).
And now, astaxathin joins my list as the third most important nutrient for human health. It is the "King of the carotenoids," as they say, and it has the ability to ease systemic inflammation, protect the eyes and brain from oxidative damage, prevent cancer, protect the body from dangerous foods, enhance skin health and even protect the skin from excessive UV sun exposure. Its truly miraculous.
Ive heard some ignorant conventional medical doctors (and FDA bureaucrats) say there are no miracles in the world of supplements, herbs and natural medicine. The only miracles in the world, they claim, are found in pharmaceuticals. I think thats nonsense: Nature is full of miracles! Growing a baby in the womb is a miracle. Automatic skin repair following a scratch or scrape is a miracle. The nanotechnology in your immune system is a miracle. The building of a highly complex organism from microscopic DNA is a miracle, too. Nature abounds with miracles! And astaxanthin is simply one miracle among many that have been provided for us by Mother Nature.
How to take astaxanthin for maximum effect
Since astaxanthin is a fat-soluble carotenoid, the best way to maximize its circulation in your body (and thereby make sure it gets to all your cells, tissues and organs) is to take it with some healthy fats. What kind of healthy fats? Plant-based fats, of course: Coconut oil, olive oil, avocados, chia seeds, flaxseed oil or even fish oil if you want to go that route. Taking astaxanthin with fat causes it to be efficiently transported all around your body and delivered to the places where you body needs healthy fat.
And where does your body need healthy fat? Almost everywhere! Every cell in your body, for example, contains fat molecules in its membrane. And did you know that your brain is made of a whopping 60 percent fat? Its true: Your brain is mostly fat and water. So does it make sense to protect your brain with natural antioxidants that can cross the blood/brain barrier and protect your brain cells from oxidative damage? You bet it does, and thats why astaxanthin produces such astounding health benefits for your brain. Thats why it has been shown to prevent the deterioration of the brain cells that lead to dementia and Alzheimers disease.
Are you taking enough astaxanthin? I took astaxanthin on and off for a couple of years at a very low dosage: 2mg or 4mg. And I never really noticed much of an effect. The reality of astaxanthins health benefits didnt kick in for me until I started taking significantly higher doses like 16mg per day. At that level (which is just four tiny gelcaps per day, theyre the size of BBs), all kinds of benefits started to kick in. I was able to run farther, exercise with greater intensity, and yet wake up the next morning with surprisingly little soreness. It was like my body was suddenly functioning at a fitness level way beyond what I was used to.
I can still remember running along the path through the open desert here in Arizona, passing by the Chaparral bushes (which can cure many cancers, by the way), smelling the rich, fragrant flowers of the local mesquite bushes (which are the sweetest smell in the whole world, as far as Im concerned), and suddenly realizing that I wasnt even breathing hard. I was running at a healthy pace, just gliding along the desert pathway, kicking up sand, leaping across small rocks, under the blazing desert sun, and I didnt even feel tired. It was like I had an oxygen infusion keeping me energized and alert. It was like my heart could pump a never-ending supply of energy to all my muscles. The feeling was truly amazing.
Sure, I take a lot of natural supplements. I drink aloe vera every day (my recommended source for premium-quality dried aloe gel is www.GoodCauseWellness.com by the way), and aloe helps your blood carry more oxygen. And yes, I dont eat oxidizing fried foods, or trans fatty acids, or sugar, and I dont take pharmaceuticals of any kind, and yes, my blood flows like water because I gobble a lot of fish oils, and I get all kinds of vitamin D from the sun. So sure, I have a lot of factors going into healthy blood (astaxanthin certainly isnt the only one) that creates this athletic effect, but the point is Im only human, just like you, and if I can make my cardiovascular system pump along effortlessly, filling my cells with seemingly unlimited oxygen during exercise, then you can experience similar benefits. Were 99.98% genetically identical, after all. My heart is pretty much the same as your heart. The only difference is what we choose to feed it!
Now dont get me wrong, in no way am I saying that after you pop a couple of astaxanthin pills, you will turn into Superman and you can start tearing up the hills of your local hiking path. The benefits of astaxanthin are very real, and I have no need to exaggerate them, so here are some things you need to know about astaxanthin to make sure you understand what it can and cant do for you:
• It doesnt work overnight. I took it for 30 days before I really started to see significant results. You probably wont feel any difference for a few days after you start taking astaxanthin. It takes time for the carotenoids to find their way to your tissues. Once you begin to feel some benefits, those benefits will typically increase for several weeks, so youll feel better as you continue taking the astaxanthin. At some point, the benefits will level off and as long as you keep taking the astaxanthin, youll stay there, experiencing those ongoing benefits.
• Astaxanthin wont counteract unhealthy habits like smoking cigarettes, eating fried foods or drinking a fat-laden Starbucks "coffee" thats really more like a 600-calorie milkshake. Dont take astaxanthin as an excuse to pursue unhealthy foods or lifestyle choices (like smoking).
• Dont go overboard with your exercise in an unsafe way. Always work with a qualified health practitioner concerning ANY changes in your exercise or diet. Ease into your exercise slowly and carefully. Its better to slowly ramp up to more exercise over time than to injure yourself because you got overly excited and went too far...
• Astaxanthin needs to be taken throughout the day for maximum effect. I take 4mg every 4 hours. That way, Im getting a healthy dose of astaxanthin at every hour of the day.
• Always take astaxanthin with healthy fats. Since its fat-soluble, it needs fat to hitch a ride to your bodys cells.
• Remember that if you eat fried foods (including so-called "healthy" snack chips fried at high temperatures), you will "use up" a lot of the antioxidant power in astaxanthin, leaving less to help the rest of your body. Unhealthy foods are often highly oxidizing, so even though I dont recommend eating fried foods, if you do, you may want to consider taking an extra astaxanthin capsule at the same time to protect your body from the fried foods.
• Not to make this too scatalogical, but at 16mg per day, astaxanthin will turn your poo slightly red, just like when you drink beet juice. Drink some chlorophyll too (which turns your poo green) next December, and you can poo in vibrant holiday colors! (Only recommended for the easily amused...)
• Theres virtually no way to overdose on astaxanthin. Remember, this isnt a drug. Its something thats been in the natural food supply for millions of years. The studies that have been done show virtually no toxicity even at ridiculously high doses. However, based on what Ive read it seems that the benefits of astaxanthin reach a point of diminishing returns after about 20mg per day for a human being, so thats why I take 16mg a day: Its enough to generate wonderful benefits, but Im not going overboard with it. In one study, they gave 30mg per day to a horse! So probably, its a fair guess to say you would need less than a horse. The lighter you are, the less you need, of course. I weigh 190 and take 16mg. If you only weigh 110 pounds, you might only want to take 8mg or 12mg per day. Even 4mg per day produces some benefits, by the way.
You can also just buy astaxanthin at your local health food store, of course. Or you might have other online retailers if youre living in the U.K., Australia, Canada or another country. Frankly, it doesnt matter to me where you get your astaxanthin, just make sure of one thing, which is VERY important: Always by "natural" astaxanthin, not "synthetic astaxanthin."
You see, theres a lot of synthetic astaxanthin on the market, too, and its made from -- if you can believe this -- petroleum! It doesnt provide any health benefits, by the way, just like synthetic vitamin E or synthetic B vitamins. Theyre all garbage, if you ask me. Only the natural stuff really works to protect and enhance your health. So wherever you buy astaxanthin, make sure youre buying only natural astaxanthin.
Which sources of astaxanthin I really trust
Another note: As a journalist, Ive toured the Cyanotech facility on the Big Island in Hawaii, and Ive seen their quality first-hand. Ive met the people, photographed the processing facility machines and watched how they clean, dry and pack both astaxanthin and spirulina. So Ive seen it all first hand at Cyanotech, and I know they do a really great job. I have NOT seen any other facilities making astaxanthin, so I cant say whether or not any other companies are doing as good a job as Cyanotech. Therefore, I personally only buy Cyanotechs astaxanthin because I know I can trust it. I also know they batch test their products to make sure they dont contain heavy metals or other freaky contaminants.
The brand name for Cyanotech is "Nutrex." Thats the brand of astaxanthin I recommend.
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منابع
↑ SciFinder Web (accessed Sep 28, 2010). Astaxanthin (472-61-7) Name
↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ ۲٫۲ SciFinder Web (accessed Sep 28, 2010). Astaxanthin (472-61-7) Experimental Properties.
↑ Hussein G, Goto H, Oda S, Sankawa U, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H (April 2006). "Antihypertensive potential and mechanism of action of astaxanthin: III. Antioxidant and histopathological effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29 (4): 684–8. PMID 16595899.
«IUPAC GOLD BOOK». بازبینی‌شده در ۱۸ مارس ۲۰۱۲.
این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون شیمی است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
رده‌ها: Articles with changed EBI identifierجعبه‌های اطلاعات شیمی که بخش‌های تأییدشده آن‌ها تغییر یافته استالکل‌هارنگ‌های خوراکی
همچنین
۷ غذای ضروری برای پوست زیبا عبارتند از :
آووکادو؛ منبع خوبی از بیوتین محسوب می‌شود و از خشکی پوست، شکنندگی مو و ناخن جلوگیری می‌کند.
گوجه فرنگی؛ بنا به یک تحقیق انجام شده مشخص شد که با مخلوط کردن رب گوجه با روغن زیتون و استعمال روزانه آن به مدت ۱۰ هفته می‌توان از آفتاب سوختگی جلوگیری کرد. صرف‌نظر از این‌که منبع غنی از لیکوپین (نوعی آنتی اکسیدان)است، گوجه فرنگی به عنوان یک میوه با کاروتنوئید بالا(Carotenoid) محسوب می‌شود. این مواد مغذی سلول‌ها را از گزند رادیکال‌های آزاد حفظ می‌کند.
سالمون؛ با خوردن سالمون روند پیری را کاهش دهید؛ سالمون حاوی آستاکسانتین (astaxanthin) است که انعطاف‌پذیری پوست را بالا می برد. بنابراین چروک‌های کم‌تری روی پوست خود خواهید داشت.
تخم مرغ؛ تخم مرغ منبع کاملی از پروتئین و حاوی بیوتین می‌باشد که یک ویتامین ضروری برای حفاظت از خشکی پوست محسوب می شود.
انار؛ این میوه که سرشار از آنتی اکسیدان است می‌تواند کولاژن (Collagen) بیشتری تولید کرده و به التیام پوست سرعت بخشد.
گردو؛ گردو منبع غنی از امگا ۳ محسوب می‌شود که به درخشندگی موها کمک کرده و باعث جوانی و طراوت پوست می‌شود.
لوبیا سبز؛ یک منبع دیگر از پروتئین است که می‌تواند به سلول‌های آسیب‌دیده از رادیکال‌های آزاد، کمک بکند.
در زمان هضم غذا، پروتئین به صورت اسید آمینه خرد می‌شود که به مثابه پوششی برای سلول‌ها عمل می‌کند. اسید آمینه به بهبود سلول‌های پوست سرعت می‌بخشند.
همچنین
ﺎﺩﻩ ﻏﺬﺍیﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻧﺪ
1- ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﻧﯽ، ﮔیﻼﺱ ﻭ ﺁﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮ
ﮐﻼﮊﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻨﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻃﺒیﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍیﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﯽ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ، ﺷﮑﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻭﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ
ﻣیﺴﺎﺯﺩ. ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣیﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ ﮐﻼﮊﻥ ﺩﺭﺑﺪﻥ، ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶﺳﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽیﺎﺑﺪ.ﻭﻟﯽ ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﮐﯽ ﻫﺎیﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﭘﺮﺭﻧﮕﯽ
ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﮐﻼﮊﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ. ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﻧﯽ، ﮔیﻼﺱ ﻭ ﺁﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮ ﺁﻧﺘﯽ ﺍﮐﺴیﺪﺍﻧﺖ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒیﻌﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽﮐﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺳﻦ ﻭﺑﺮﺧﯽ
ﺑیﻤﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﻃﺮیﻖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺟﻠﻮﮔیﺮﯼ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ. ﺍﻧﺘﯽﺍﮐﺴیﺪﺍﻧﺖﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨیﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ
ﻣیﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ ﮐﻼﮊﻥ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺿﺨیﻢﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻧیﺰ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﮐﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ.
2- ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻥ، ﺗﺨﻤﻪ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﺎﺭﺩیﻦ
ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺍیﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻏﺬﺍیﯽ ﺷﺎیﺪ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ،ﻭﻟﯽ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎیﯽ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺩﮐﺘﺮ
ﺍﺳﺘیﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﮓ، ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﻋﻠﻤﯽﺳﺎیﺖ RightHealth.com ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﺬیﻪ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ، ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ
ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﻬﺘﺮیﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟیﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ، ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ
ﺩیﻮﺍﺭﻩﯼ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﺑﺪﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻏﺬﺍیﯽ، ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤیﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈیﻢ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ. ﮐﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭ
ﺟﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺯ ﺩیﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺗﺨﻢ ﮐﺘﺎﻥ، ﺗﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﯽ، ﮔﺮﺩﻭﻭﺗﺨﻢ ﮐﺪﻭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ.
3- ﺷﻠﻐﻢ، ﮔﻞ ﻗﺎﺻﺪﮎﻭ ﺧﺮﺩﻝ ﺳﺒﺰﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻫﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ:ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎیﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻤﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺒﺪ ﭘﺎﮎ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﺑﻬﺘﺮ
ﮐﻞ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﺑﻬﺘﺮﺑﺪﻥ، یﻌﻨﯽ ﺷﺎﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻁﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩﯼ ﻗیﺎﻓﻪﻭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﮐﺒﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ
ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎﻭ ﮐﺸیﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ. ﺍﻭ ﺳﺒﺰﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮐﻠﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﮐﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺎﺝ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺻیﻪ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ. ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍیﻦ ﺳﺒﺰﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻠﺦ
ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩﺗﺎ ﻓﺮﺩﺗﻤﺎیﻞ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷیﺮیﻦ ﻣﺰﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﻭﺗﺼﻔیﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ،
ﮐﺮﺑﻮﻫیﺪﺭﺍﺕﻫﺎﻭﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﺭﯼ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﻭیﺞ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘیﺮﯼ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﯼ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﻗﻨﺪ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺑﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﭼﺮﺧﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ
ﮔﻼﮐیﺸﻦ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ، ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﭘﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻞ ﻭ ﭼﺮﻭﮐیﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.
4- ﭘﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻮﻫﯽ، ﺁﻭیﺸﻦ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻔﺮﯼ
ﺩﻭﺭیﺲ ﺩﯼ، ﻧﻮیﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﯼ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺯیﺒﺎیﯽ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵﮐﻨیﺪ : ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺯیﺒﺎ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺍﮔﺮﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ
ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻒﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭیﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯیﺎﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﮏﺯیﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺍﺭیﺪ. ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺩیﮕﺮ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ
ﻣیﺪﻫﺪ ﻭﺑﺎ ﺍیﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺿﻌیﻒﻭ ﺷﻞ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ. ﺑﺪﺗﺮیﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﻭﻧﻤﮏﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ
ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﮐﺒﻮﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯیﺮ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.ﻭﯼ ﺗﻮﺻیﻪ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺳﺪیﻢ، ﺍﺯﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﭘﻒﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﻭﺭﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﻭﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ ﻧﻤﮏ
ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻭیﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﻭیﺸﻦ، ﺳیﺮ، ﭘﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻮﻫﯽ، ﺩﺍﺭﭼیﻦ ﻭ ﺟﻌﻔﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨیﺪ.
5- ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺩ
ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺴیﺎﺭ ﻣﻔیﺪﻧﺪ. ﮐﺮﻓﺲ، ﺑﺎﻗﻼ، ﻫﻮیﺞ ﻭ ﮔﻞ ﮐﻠﻢ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰﺍﻧﺪ. ﮐﻪﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﮎﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﻔیﺪﯼ ﻭ
ﺯیﺒﺎیﯽ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻨﺪﻩ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣیﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎیﻦ ﺭﺋیﺲ ﺁﮐﺎﺩﻣﯽ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﭙﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﺯیﺒﺎیﯽ ﺁﻣﺮیﮑﺎ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰﻭ ﺳﺎیﺮ ﻓیﺒﺮﻫﺎﯼ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍیﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻏﺬﺍیﯽ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻮیﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎیﯽ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯼﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻮ ﻣیﺪﻫﻨﺪ.
ﺍﮔﺮﻏﺬﺍیﯽ یﺎ ﻧﻮﺷیﺪﻧﯽﺍﯼ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍیﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻧﮓﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻋﻮﺽ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ، ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻤییﺰ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻧﺳﺧﮫ ﻗﺎﺑل ﭼﺎپ 10/16/12
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ﮐﻨیﺪ. ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻧیﺪ ﺍﺯﺳیﺐ ﻭ ﺧیﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺒﺮیﺪ.
6- ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭیﺎیﯽ
ﮐﺎﺭﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺮﻣﻦ، ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺﺗﻐﺬیﻪ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎیﯽ ﮐﻪﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ، ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧیﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮیﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ.
ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮﺗﻮﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ، ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺷﺎﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣیﺪﻫﺪ. ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭیﺎیﯽ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ
ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷیﻤیﺎیﯽ ﮔیﺎﻫﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍیﻦ ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺳیﺐ ﺩیﺪﻩ، ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﯼ
ﺟﺪیﺪ ﻭﺗﻐﺬیﻪﯼ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.ﻏﺬﺍﻋﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﻟﻢ، ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺤیﻄﯽ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﭼﺎﺭﭘیﺮﯼ ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ ﻣیﮑﻨﻨﺪ.
ﮐﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘیﺪﺍیﺶﻋﻼﺋﻤﯽﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺎﺯﮎﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻭ ﭼﺮﻭﮎ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.ﻭﺍﺳﺮﻣﻦ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭیﺎیﯽ
ﺍیﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﮑﺲﺑﻪﭘیﺶ ﻣیﺒﺮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﭙیﺮﻭﻟیﻨﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣیﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ.
7 – ﮔﻮﺷﺖ، ﭘﻨیﺮﻭﻋﺪﺱ
ﺍﺯ 5 ﮐیﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺷیﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ 5 ﮐیﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡﭘﻨیﺮﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺁیﺪ.ﻭﻟﯽ ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ، ﻧیﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍیﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ
ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﺒﻨﯽ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﯽ ﻧیﺴﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶﺳﻦ، ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺁﺳیﺐﺩیﺪﻩﻭﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘیﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻦ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ،
ﻣﺮﻍ، ﭘﻨیﺮ ﮐﻢ ﭼﺮﺑﯽ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰﯼﻫﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﻣیﺪﻫﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺎﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ، ﭼیﻦ ﻭ
ﭼﺮﻭﮎﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻭﺭیﺰﺵ ﻣﻮ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣیﺪﻫﻨﺪ. ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰﯼﻫﺎ ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻧیﺪ ﻟﻮﺑیﺎﻭﻋﺪﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﮐﻨیﺪ. ﺍیﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ
ﺳﺒﺰﯼ ﺩیﮕﺮﯼ، ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻨﯽ ﺑیﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.
8- ﺯﺭﺩﻩﯼ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻍ، ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻋﻀﻠﻪﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺷیﺮ
ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﭼﻨﮓ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ:ﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ A ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺴیﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺑﺪﻥ ﮐﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ
ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺧﺸﮏﻭﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ. ﺩﮐﺘﺮﺩﯼ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ: ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ A ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺮﻣیﻢ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﺪﯼ
ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔیﺮﺩﻭﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﭼﺮﻭﮐیﺪﮔﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍیﻦ ﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ،ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣیﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﮕﺮ،
ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻍ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﯽ ﮐﻪﺗﻤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺷیﺮﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺒﺰیﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻮیﺞ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﮐﻠﯽ، ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﺑﺘﺎﮐﺎﺭﻭﺗﻦﺍﻧﺪ، ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺪﻥ
ﺗﺒﺪیﻞ ﺑﻪﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ A ﻣیﺸﻮﺩ. ﺯﺭﺩﺁﻟﻮ، ﺷﻠیﻞ، ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ ﻭ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﯽ ﻧیﺰ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﺯﺑﺘﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﻭﺗﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
9- ﺷیﺮﺑﺎﺩﺍﻡ یﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍﻧﻪ
ﺷیﺮﺑﺎﺩﺍﻡ! ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮیﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﻐﺬﯼ ﺩﺭﺑیﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻟﺒﻨﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟیﻞ ﺍیﻨﮑﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺩیﺮﺯیﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﻨیﺰیﻢ، ﭘﺘﺎﺳیﻢ،
ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ، ﻣﺲ،ﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ E، ﺳﻠﻨیﻮﻡﻭ ﮐﻠﺴیﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺗیﻨﺎ ﺳیﺎﺗﺰ، ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﺷیﺮﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍﻧﻪﺑﺴیﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﺮ
ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ یﮏﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺷﻮﺩ، ﻧﻪﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻧﻮﺷیﺪﻧﯽ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ، ﻣیﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺎﻣیﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﯼ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻐﺬﯼ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺷیﺮ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺍﻧﻪ
ﭼﺎﺷﻨﯽﺍﯼ ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺩیﺮ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺪﻥ یﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﻣﮕﺎ-3 ﻭ ﺍﻣﮕﺎ-6 ﺍﺳﺖ. ﮐﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ
ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺫﻫﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ، ﺳیﺴﺘﻢ ﺍیﻤﻨﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺑﺎﺷیﺪ. ﻫﺮﺩﻭ ﺍیﻦ ﻧﻮﺷیﺪﻧﯽﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﮔیﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ،
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍیﻦ ﻻﮐﺘﻮﺯﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ.ﻭﻟﯽ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌیﻦﻫﺎیﯽﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺮﻣﯽ ﻭ ﻟﻄﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻩﻭﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺮﻣﯽ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ.
10- ﻣﺎﻫﯽ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ، ﺁﻭﻭﮐﺎﺩﻭﻭ ﺍﻧﺒﻪﺍیﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ یﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﮐﯽ ﺧﻮﺷﻤﺰﻩ ﻧیﺴﺖ! ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﻠﻮﮔیﺮﯼ ﺍﺯﭘیﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻦ
ﺳیﻨﺎﺗﺮﺍ ﻣیﮕﻮیﺪ: ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ ﺍﺳیﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﺮﺏ ﺍﻣﮕﺎ-3 ﺍﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺟﺮیﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣیﺸﻮﻧﺪ. ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﯽ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ
ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﻭﺗﻨﻮﺋیﺪ ﺿﺪ ﭘیﺮﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﮐﺴﺎﻧﺘیﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩیﻮﺍﺭﻩﯼ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣیﮑﻨﺪ. ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ ﻫﻤﭽﻨیﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﯼ ﻣﺘیﻞ
ﺁﻣیﻨﻮ ﺍﺗﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑیﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮐﺸﺶ ﻣﺎﻫیﭽﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﺪﻩﻭﺑﻪ ﺍیﻦ ﺗﺮﺗیﺐ ﭼیﻦ ﻭ ﭼﺮﻭﮎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯﺑیﻦ ﻣیﺒﺮﺩ.ﻧﺳﺧﮫ ﻗﺎﺑل ﭼﺎپ 10/16/12
www.exelov e.com/print/post-1526/ 3/3
ﺁﻭﻭﮐﺎﺩﻭﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﯽﺍﮐﺴیﺪﺍﻧﺖﻫﺎﻭ ﺍﻧﺒﻪﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻭیﺘﺎﻣیﻦ E ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣیﺖ ﺯﺩﺍیﯽ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑﺍﻧﺪ
قس انگلیسی
Astaxanthin (/æstəˈzænθɨn/) is a carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenes, which are built from five carbon precursors; isopentenyl diphosphate (or IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (or DMAPP). Astaxanthin is classified as a xanthophyll (originally derived from a word meaning "yellow leaves" since yellow plant leaf pigments were the first recognized of the xanthophyll family of carotenoids), but currently employed to describe carotenoid compounds that have oxygen-containing moities, hydroxyl (OH) or ketone (=0), such as zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Indeed, astaxanthin is a metabolite of zeaxanthin and/or canthaxanthin, containing both hydroxyl and ketone functional groups. Like many carotenoids, astaxanthin is a colorful, lipid-soluble pigment. This colour is due to the extended chain of conjugated (alternating double and single) double bonds at the centre of the compound. This chain of conjugated double bonds is also responsible for the antioxidant function of astaxanthin (as well as other carotenoids) as it results in a region of decentralized electrons that can be donated to reduce a reactive oxidizing molecule.
Astaxanthin is found in microalgae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, crayfish, crustaceans, and the feathers of some birds. It provides the red color of salmon meat and the red color of cooked shellfish. Professor Basil Weedons group was the first to prove the structure of astaxanthin by synthesis, in 1975.
Astaxanthin, unlike several carotenes and one other known carotenoid, is not converted to vitamin A (retinol) in the human body. Like other carotenoids, astaxanthin has self-limited absorption orally and such low toxicity by mouth that no toxic syndrome is known. It is an antioxidant with a slightly lower antioxidant activity in some model systems than other carotenoids. However, in living organisms the free-radical terminating effectiveness of each carotenoid is heavily modified by its lipid solubility, and thus varies with the type of system being protected.
While astaxanthin is a natural nutritional component, it can also be used as a food supplement. The supplement is intended for human, animal, and aquaculture consumption. The commercial production of astaxanthin comes from both natural and synthetic sources.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved astaxanthin as a food coloring (or color additive) for specific uses in animal and fish foods. The European Commission considers it food dye and it is given the E number E161j. Natural astaxanthin is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA, but as a food coloring in the United States it is restricted to use in animal food.
Contents
Natural sources
The following sources are used for the commercial production of astaxanthin:
Euphausia pacifica (Pacific krill)
Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill)
Haematococcus pluvialis (MicroAlgae)
Pandalus borealis (Arctic shrimp)
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, formerly Phaffia rhodozyma (yeast)
Pandalus borealis (Arctic shrimp) is colored by astaxanthin, and is used commercially as an astaxanthin source.
As a natural source, the following can be found in nature (or a production facility) with the approximate astaxanthin concentrations:
Source Astaxanthin concentration (ppm)
Salmonids ~ 5
Plankton ~ 60
Krill ~ 120
Arctic shrimp (P borealis) ~ 1,200
Phaffia yeast ~ 10,000
Haematococcus pluvialis ~ 40,000
Currently, the primary natural source for astaxanthin is the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis. It seems to accumulate the highest levels of astaxanthin in nature; Commercially more than 40 g of astaxanthin can be obtained from one kg of dry biomass. It has the advantage of the population doubling every week, which means scaling up is not an issue. However, it does require some expertise to grow the algae with a high astaxanthin content. Specifically, the microalgae is grown in two phases. First, in the green phase, the cells are given an abundance of nutrients to promote proliferation of the cells. In the subsequent red phase, the cells are deprived of nutrients and subjected to intense sunlight to induce encystment (carotogenesis), during which the cells produce high levels of astaxanthin as a protective mechanism against the environmental stress. The cells, with their high concentrations of astaxanthin, are then harvested.
Phaffia yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous exhibits 100% free, non-esterified astaxanthin, which is considered advantageous because it is readily absorbable and need not be hydrolysed in the digestive tract of the fish. In contrast to synthetic and bacteria sources of astaxanthin, yeast sources of astaxanthin consist virtually all in 3R, 3’R form, an important astaxanthin source in nature. Finally, the geometrical isomer, all-E, is higher in yeast sources of astaxanthin, as compared to synthetic sources. This contributes to greater efficacy because the all-E (trans) isomer has greater bio-availability than the cis isomer.
For obtaining astaxanthin from Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill), there are a number of issues:
Krill is also used as an astaxanthin source
The Krill fishing operation is complex. It is done in Antarctic waters, under extreme weather conditions and far away from ports with substantial operational complexities. Krills fishing location and the difficult weather conditions in the main fishing area, together with the costs involved in the operation, have contributed to a slow development of the industry. Krill fishing is by far different than any other fishing operation today known. The knowledge to work with it belongs to very few people in the world.
Astaxanthin is commercially collected from shrimp processing waste. 12,000 pounds of wet shrimp shells can yield a 6-8 gallon astaxanthin/triglyceride oil mixture.
Synthetic sources
Nearly all commercial astaxanthin for aquaculture is produced synthetically, with an annual turnover of over $200 million and a selling price of roughly $5000-6000 per kilo as of July 2012. However, synthetic production of astaxanthin is not preferred in some cases because synthetic astaxanthin contains a mixture of stereoisomers. Astaxanthin is fairly abundant and obtainable from natural sources, and some consumers prefer natural products over synthetic ones.
An efficient synthesis from isophorone, cis-3-methyl-2-penten-4-yn-1-ol and a symmetrical C10-dialdehyde has been discovered and is used commercially. It combines these chemicals together with an ethynylation and then a Wittig reaction. Two equivalents of the proper ylide combined with the proper dialdehyde in a solvent of methanol, ethanol, or a mixture of the two, yields astaxanthin in up to 88% yields.
Metabolic engineering
The cost of astaxanthin production, high commercial price and lack of a leading fermentation production systems, combined with the shortfalls of chemical synthesis mean that research into alternative fermentation production methods has been carried out. Metabolic engineering offers the opportunity to create biological systems for the production of a specific target compound. The metabolic engineering of bacteria (Escherichia coli) recently allowed production of astaxanthin at 90% of the total carotenoids, providing the first engineered production system capable of efficient astaxanthin production. Astaxanthin biosynthesis proceeds from beta-carotene via either zeaxanthin or canthaxanthin. Historically, it has been assumed that astaxanthin biosynthesis proceeds along both routes. However, recent work has suggested that efficient biosynthesis may, in fact, proceed from beta-carotene to astaxanthin via zeaxanthin. The production of astaxanthin by metabolic engineering, in isolation, will not provide a suitable alternative to current commercial methods. Rather, a bioprocess approach should be adopted. Such an approach would consider fermentation conditions and economics, as well as downstream processing (extraction). Carotenoid extraction has been studied extensively, for example, the extraction of canthaxanthin (a precursor to astaxanthin) was studied within an E. coli production process demonstrating that extraction efficiency was increased substantially when two solvents; acetone and methanol, were used sequentially rather than as a combined solution.
Difference between natural and synthetic forms
Astaxanthin has two chiral centers, at the 3- and 3′-positions. Therefore, there are three stereoisomers; (3R,3′R), (3R,3′S) (meso), and (3S,3′S). Synthetic astaxanthin contains a mixture of the three, in approximately 1:2:1 proportions. Naturally occurring astaxanthin varies considerably from one organism to another. The astaxanthin in fish is of whatever stereoisomer the fish ingested. The astaxanthin produced by haematococcus pluvialis, which is commonly used in the feed of animals that are in turn consumed by humans, is the (3S,3′S) stereoisomer.
Uses
Astaxanthin is used as a feed supplement for salmon, crabs, shrimp, chickens and egg production. Regardless of the source, astaxanthin provides some important benefits beyond coloration. It also has been found to be essential for proper growth and survival.
For seafood and animals
The primary use of synthetic astaxanthin today is as an animal feed additive to impart coloration, including farm-raised salmon and egg yolks. Synthetic carotenoid pigments colored yellow, red or orange represent about 15–25% of the cost of production of commercial salmon feed. Today, almost all commercial astaxanthin for aquaculture is produced synthetically from petrochemical sources. While it constitutes a tiny portion of salmon feed (50 to 100 parts per million), astaxanthin represents a major share of the cost, up to 20 percent.
Class action lawsuits have been filed against some major grocery store chains for not clearly labeling the salmon "color added". The chains followed up quickly by labeling all such salmon as "color added". "...law-firm Smith & Lowney persisted with the suit for damages, but a Seattle judge dismissed case, ruling that enforcement of the applicable food laws was up to government and not individuals."
For humans
The primary use for humans is as a food supplement. Research shows that, due to astaxanthins potent antioxidant activity, it may be beneficial in cardiovascular, immune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Some research supports the assumption that it may protect body tissues from oxidative and ultraviolet damage through its suppression of NF-κB activation.
Role in the food chain
It has been speculated that gulls are "flushed" pink when molting, especially in areas with farm-raised salmon. However, not enough is known about the relationship between astaxanthin and plumage. For example, cardinals seem to produce astaxanthin from carotenoids when molting, even when fed primarily seed with natural yellow dye.
Lobsters, shrimp, and some crabs turn red when cooked because the astaxanthin, which was bound to the protein in the shell, becomes free as the protein denatures and unwinds. The freed pigment is thus available to absorb light and produce the red color.
Regulations
In April 2009, the US FDA approved astaxanthin as an additive for fish feed only as a component of a stabilized color additive mixture. Color additive mixtures for fish feed made with astaxanthin may contain only those diluents that are suitable. The color additives astaxanthin, ultramarine blue, canthaxanthin, synthetic iron oxide, dried algae meal, Tagetes meal and extract, and corn endosperm oil are approved for specific uses in animal foods. Haematococcus algae meal (21 CFR 73.185) and Phaffia yeast (21 CFR 73.355) for use in fish feed to color salmonoids were added in 2000. In the European Union, astaxanthin-containing food supplements derived from sources that have no history of use as a source of food in Europe, fall under the remit of the Novel Food legislation, EC (No.) 258/97. Since 1997, there have been five novel food applications concerning products that contain astaxanthin extracted from these novel sources. In each case, these applications have been simplified or substantial equivalence applications, because astaxanthin itself is recognised as a food component in the EU diet.
References
^ SciFinder Web (accessed Sep 28, 2010). Astaxanthin (472-61-7) Name
^ a b c SciFinder Web (accessed Sep 28, 2010). Astaxanthin (472-61-7) Experimental Properties.
^ Hussein G, Goto H, Oda S, Sankawa U, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H (April 2006). "Antihypertensive potential and mechanism of action of astaxanthin: III. Antioxidant and histopathological effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29 (4): 684–8. PMID 16595899.
^ Carotenoid Introductory
^ Carotenoid — See: Astaxanthin
^ Cooper, R. D. G.; Davis, J. B.; Leftwick, A. P.; Price, C.; Weedon, B. (1975). "Carotenoids and related compounds. XXXII. Synthesis of astaxanthin, hoenicoxanthin, hydroxyechinenone, and the corresponding diosphenols". J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1: 2195–2204.
^ Mortensen, A.; Skibsted, L. H. (1997). "Importance of carotenoid structure in radical scavenging reactions". J. Agric. Food Chem. 45 (8): 2970−7. doi:10.1021/jf970010s.
^ a b "Summary of Color Additives for Use in United States in Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices". See Note 1.
^ — Currently unlisted. Will look for a better ref.
^ Astaxanthin wins full GRAS status
^ Algatechnologies gets GRAS for AstaPure astaxanthin
^ Summary of Color Additives for Use in United States in Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, and Medical Devices
^
^ Haematococcus pluvialis
^ astafactor.com Algae
^ a b c d astafactor.com Astax
^ a b c Boussiba; Sammy, V.; Avigad, C.; et al. (2000) Procedure for large-scale production of astaxanthin from haematococcus. U. S. Patent 6,022,701.
^ Astaxanthin Source Comparison
^ aquafeed.com
^ Anderson, Lyle K. Extraction of Carotenoid Pigment from Shrimp Processing Waste. U.S. Patent 3906112. Sep 16, 1975
^ Ashfords Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, 3rd Edition, 2011, page 984
^ Krause, Wolfgang; Henrich, Klaus; Paust, Joachim; et al. Preaparation of Astaxanthin. DE 19509955.9 Mar. 18, 1995
^ Scaife, M. A.; Burja, A. M.; Wright, P. C. (2009). "Characterization of cyanobacterial β-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase genes inEscherichia coli, and their application for astaxanthin biosynthesis". Biotechnology and Bioengineering 103 (5): 944–955. doi:10.1002/bit.22330. PMID 19365869. edit
^ Scaife, MA; Ma, CA; Ninlayarn, T; Wright, PC; Armenta, RE (2012 May 22). "Comparative Analysis of β-Carotene Hydroxylase Genes for Astaxanthin Biosynthesis.". Journal of Natural Products 75 (6): 1117–24. doi:10.1021/np300136t. PMID 22616944.
^ Lemuth, K; Steuer, K; Albermann, C (2011 Apr 26). "Engineering of a plasmid-free Escherichia coli strain for improved in vivo biosynthesis of astaxanthin.". Microbial cell factories 10: 29. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-10-29. PMC 3111352. PMID 21521516.
^ Scaife, M.A.; Ma, C.A., Armenta, R.E. (2012). "Efficient extraction of canthaxanthin from Escherichia coli by a 2-step process with organic solvents". Bioresource Technology 111: 276-281. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.155. PMID 22353211.
^ US application 20050014824 (online here) (also EP 1442083)
^ — just the egg part
^ Fisheries and Oceans Canada — Aquaculture Issues
^ a b "Smith & Lowney — Farm-raised Salmon Coloring". 2003. Retrieved 14 Oct 2009.
^ "Pigments in Salmon Aquaculture: How to Grow a Salmon-colored Salmon". Archived from the original on 13 Oct 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
^ Fassett, Robert G.; Coombes, Jeff S. (2009). "Astaxanthin, oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease". Future Cardiology 4 (3): 333–342.
^ Guerin M, Huntley ME, Olaizola M (May 2003). "Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition". Trends Biotechnol. 21 (5): 210–6. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00078-7. PMID 12727382. as PDF
^ Lennikov A, Nobuyoshi K, Risa Fukase (March 2012). "Amelioration of ultraviolet-induced photokeratitis in mice treated with astaxanthin eye drops". Mollecular Vision. 18: 455-64. PMID 3291518. as PDF
^ McGraw, Kevin; Hardy, Lisa (2006) (pdf). Astaxanthin is responsible for the pink plumage flush in Franklins and Ring-billed gulls. Tempe, AZ: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University. pp. 5.
^ "Notes on the effects of Astaxanthin on the plumage of birds". 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^
^
^ See 21 CFR 73.35,73.50, 73.75, 73.200, 73.275, 73.295, 73.315, respectively.
^ Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 §73.35 FDA decision on Astaxanthin
^ Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 §73.185 FDA decision on Haematococcus algae meal
^ Food Additive Status List 2009
^ UK novel food application
^ UK novel food application
^ UK novel food application
^ UK novel food application
External links
Astaxanthin — Frequently Asked Questions
AstaFactor Technical Report Haematococcus Pluvialis and Astaxanthin Safety For Human Consumption
Articles on Astaxanthin See reference table for a large well researched list of articles.
aquafeed.com Natural Foods through marine Krill Meal — 09/09/2003
Development of microalgal pigments for aquaculture in Europe; Final Report, February, 2001.
Study of the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in wild-type and deregulated strains of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Ex.: Phaffia rhodozyma).
Multibudding in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Cells Under Hydric and Nitrogen Stress
The Effects of Three Carotenoid Sources on Growth and Pigmentation of Juvenile Freshwater Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus
Astaxanthin for aquaculture — Carophyll Pink since 1985
Aquasta: Naturally-sourced astaxanthin from Phaffia Yeast
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Categories: Food coloringsChemical compounds found in green algaeCarotenoidsAlcoholsTetraterpenes
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ASTAXANTHIN
Other Names: Astaxanthine, Astaxantina, Dihydroxy-3,3’ dioxo-4,4’ bêta-carotène, Microalgae, Microalgue, Micro-Algue, Ovoester, 3,3-dihydroxy-4,4-diketo-beta-carotene, 3S,3S-astaxanthin, 3R,3R-astaxanthin, 3R,3S-astaxanthin.
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42 User Reviews
ASTAXANTHIN OVERVIEW INFORMATION
Astaxanthin is a reddish pigment that belongs to a group of chemicals called carotenoids. It occurs naturally in certain algae and causes the pink or red color in salmon, trout, lobster, shrimp, and other seafood.
Astaxanthin is used for treating Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, “brain attack” (stroke), high cholesterol, and an eye condition called age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is also used for preventing cancer.
Astaxanthin is applied directly to the skin for protection against sunburn.
How does it work?
Astaxanthin is an antioxidant. This effect might protect cells from damage. Astaxanthin might also improve the way the immune system functions.
View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement
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Conditions of Use and Important Information: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health acre professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.
This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version. © Therapeutic Research Faculty 2009.
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Astaxanthin: The Little-Known Miracle Nutrient for Inflammation, Anti-Aging, Athletic Endurance and More
Tuesday, May 06, 2008
by Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
Editor of NaturalNews.com (See all articles...)
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(NaturalNews) Every once in a very great while, I discover a natural supplement so astonishing that I feel compelled to share it with you. Mother Nature created this natural supplement eons ago, and its been present in trace amounts in aquatic ecosystems for over a billion years. In this article, Im going to reveal the name of this natural medicine and what health benefits it provides to us. But first, before revealing the name, I want to share some of the numerous health benefits with you so you get the full picture of just how significant this substance can be in enhancing your health.
Did you ever notice how the drug companies get excited when they find a drug that just slightly alters the risk of a single disease? I remember hearing all the hype about a particular cancer drug made by Big Pharma. It was called a "miracle" drug that needed to be fast-tracked so it could start saving lives. When I looked at the research, however, it only turned out to prevent cancer in one woman out of two hundred (a 0.5% reduction in the risk of breast cancer). Gee, thats not much get excited about. And yet they called it a "miracle" drug!
Well imagine if there were a natural substance that operated at many different biochemical levels at once, providing all the following health benefits (yes, from a single source!):
• Reduces proliferation of breast cancer tumor cells by 40%
• Protects the brain from dementia and Alzheimers
• Greatly reduces inflammation and joint pain
• Reduces oxidative damage to your DNA by 40% (even at low doses)
• Greatly increases endurance, muscle recovery and workout performance
• Reduces the risk of cancer
• Reduces blood sugar level in diabetics and prediabetics
• Improves fertility while decreasing the rate of stillborn births
• Promotes cardiovascular health, reduces C-Reactive Proteins (CRP)
• Reduces or eliminates carpal tunnel syndrome
• Boosts immune function and helps the body resist infections
• Protects the stomach from ulcers and invasive bacteria
• Protects the kidneys from damage due to high blood sugar
• Causes cancer cells to commit suicide (apoptosis)
• Greatly improves sperm quality, motility, and sperm count
• Prevents asthma by normalizing histamine levels
• Protects the body from highly oxidative foods like fried foods
In addition, Ive found that this natural medicine supplement:
• Greatly protects eye health, reduces cataracts and prevents UV damage to the eyes
• Makes skin look younger and functions as a natural internal sunscreen that prevents DNA damage and sunburn
• Protects the body from the dangerous oxidizing effects of Vioxx and COX-2 inhibitors, meaning that is can actually reduce the harmful side effects and deaths caused by other anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals
Now, if all that is really true -- and Ill show you in a minute that it is true -- that would make this one of the most miraculous medicines ever discovered by modern science, wouldnt it? For any one substance to prevent and treat so many different diseases -- and to protect the human body in so many different ways -- is nothing short of truly miraculous. So why isnt this nutrient front-page news?
The answer, of course, is because it cant be patented. This natural substance (which I will reveal below) is created by microalgae, so its not something that was invented by a drug company scientist for patenting purposes. And the sad fact of the matter is that drug companies arent interested in medicines that cant be patented, no matter how helpful or miraculous they may really be.
And yes, all the health benefits Ive described for this supplement are, indeed, quite true. And theyre backed by clinical trials and research papers that are fascinating in what they contain, and yet have never been picked up by the mainstream media. In other words, this nutrient may be the most powerful natural medicine youve never heard about!
Maybe you have heard about it already, but heres something else...
Its possible, of course, that you have heard about it. Especially if youve been reading NaturalNews for some time (Ive mentioned it on this website many times before). But until recently, I never fully understood the health benefits of taking larger doses of the nutrient.
Previously, I was only taking 2mg - 4mg per day. But for a while now, Ive been taking 16mg per day (400% more than before), and Ive discovered something truly astounding: The health benefits of this natural medicine keep increasing as the dose increases (to a limit, of course). Ive found that 16mg a day is the ideal dosage for me to experience maximum benefits from this supplement... benefits that include outstanding athletic performance, a significant reduction in muscle soreness and joint pain, radical improvements in resistance to UV sun exposure, stabilized blood sugar and many more.
So what is this mystery nutrient? Its astaxanthin, a deep red-colored phytonutrient synthesized by microalgae called Haematococcus. Its grown in fresh water using sophisticated techniques that encourage the algae to grow its own powerful medicines that protect it from oxidation, UV radiation and other environmental stresses. When harvested from the algae and concentrated into a liquid, astaxanthin becomes the most powerful antioxidant known in the natural world, demonstrating 550 times the antioxidant power of Vitamin E, for example.
Now why is antioxidant power important? Think about it: Much of what goes on during the aging of the human body is due to oxidation. Every time you breathe, youre inhaling some oxygen, right? That oxygen reacts with your cells to create energy, but the byproduct of that energy is the creation of free radicals. These free radicals cause DNA damage, nerve cell damage, accelerated aging of internal organs and more.
The way to stop those free radicals is with antioxidants, which bind to them, neutralizing their damaging effects. Astaxanthin, it turns out, is so good at halting free radicals that it seems to confer miracle-class health benefits to the human body... benefits that might be described as "anti-aging" or "reversing disease."
Right to the muscles and tissues that need them
It gets even better: Unlike most antioxidants, astaxanthin is fat-soluble, meaning it gets carried by fat molecules directly to tissues and organs in your body where it can do the most good, like your retina, your brain, your breast tissue, prostate tissue, and skeletal muscles. You know what makes the flesh of salmon pink? Astaxanthin. And guess what gives salmon the seemingly superhuman ability to achieve marathon swimming feats, leaping up waterfalls against the current? Astaxanthin, of course. Without astaxanthin, salmon are mere average performers, and their survival rate drops to less than one in five. But with astaxanthin, they become superstars of the aquatic world, performing feats of physical strength and endurance that, in proportion, dwarf the greatest achievements of the worlds top human athletes. (And their survival rate on salmon farms leaps from 17% to an astonishing 98%!)
You see, when astaxanthin is present in muscles and other tissues, it prevents oxidation right where its needed: Right at the site of stress or potential oxidation. Ever notice how you breathe more air when youre exercising? Thats more oxygen youre pumping through your tissues, and more oxygen means more oxidation. So the more you exercise, the more you need powerful antioxidants like astaxanthin. This helps explain why some athletes who work out hard but dont supplement with superfoods and antioxidants seem to age faster than everyone else. Exercising without antioxidants is like putting yourself on an aging acceleration program!
The fact that astaxanthin goes right to the muscles gives it the ability to protect muscles from all sorts of degenerative conditions. A horse suffering from a severe muscle conditions called rhabdomyolysis, for example (which can also be caused by statin drugs), was given 30mg of astaxanthin a day. In merely a few weeks, he was 100% symptom free and running again! (The owners were no doubt astonished.)
In fact, astaxanthin has been used in all kinds of ways to enhance the health of animals. In animal tests, it has been shown to:
• Greatly increase the longevity and survival rate of salmon and chickens
• Increase egg production by a whopping 300% in salmon
• Significantly lower salmonella infections in chickens
• Reduced infections by increasing immune resistance in every animal its been tested with
• Accelerated the growth of farmed salmon by 600%! (Seems impossible, but its true...)
The animals who have been fed a small amount of astaxanthin in their diet, it seems, experience phenomenal health benefits. Every type of animal given astaxanthin lives longer, grows faster, exhibits greater fertility and shows much stronger immune system function. Do these sound like benefits youd like to experience, too?
Supercritical extraction means no toxic solvents!
Speaking of high quality ingredients, I think its important to know how nutrients are extracted from their natural sources. Sadly, some companies use toxic, explosive chemicals to extract their nutrients. A famous provider of DHA oils, for example, uses highly toxic hexane to extract the oils. Thats just plain awful.
Supercritical CO2 extraction, on the other hand, is safe and far more "natural." It uses compressed CO2 to pull out key nutrients, after which the CO2 evaporates harmlessly into the ambient air (from which the CO2 was gathered in the first place). Thus, it introduces no new chemicals into the environment, and it leaves nothing in the resulting product that might be harmful to you. This process -- called "supercritical CO2 extraction" -- is the best extraction process in the business, and its used on premium-quality supplements like neem oil. It also happens to be the process used by Cyanotech to extract their astaxanthin from the Haematococcus algae.
That means this astaxanthin contains no toxic solvent chemicals whatsoever! Thats one of the many reasons why we gave it our Editors Choice award: Because its an honest product, with zero chemical contaminants (or as close to zero as you can get on the planet today), that offers astounding health benefits. Cyanotechs astaxanthin deserves every bit of publicity we can bring it. I truly consider it to be one of the most important nutrients ever discovered for human health.
My top 4 nutrients for human health
Speaking of top nutrients for human health, would you like to know what I think are the top 4 most important nutrients for human health? They are:
#1: Vitamin D
#2: Omega-3 fatty acids
#3: Astaxanthin
#4: Turmeric
Vitamin D is crucial, of course, due to its miracle-class ability to halt cancer (77% of ALL cancers are prevented by vitamin D alone!), to ease depression, boost bone health, enhance heart health and much, much more. Its the single most impressive nutrient Ive ever found. Nothing beats vitamin D in terms of the number of important health benefits derived from a single substance.
Next comes omega-3 fatty acids, which have proven to be miraculous, too, in terms of preventing cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, depression and much more. Plus, you can get these from plant sources (like chia seeds or flax seeds) or animal source (fish oil, krill oil, etc.).
And now, astaxathin joins my list as the third most important nutrient for human health. It is the "King of the carotenoids," as they say, and it has the ability to ease systemic inflammation, protect the eyes and brain from oxidative damage, prevent cancer, protect the body from dangerous foods, enhance skin health and even protect the skin from excessive UV sun exposure. Its truly miraculous.
Ive heard some ignorant conventional medical doctors (and FDA bureaucrats) say there are no miracles in the world of supplements, herbs and natural medicine. The only miracles in the world, they claim, are found in pharmaceuticals. I think thats nonsense: Nature is full of miracles! Growing a baby in the womb is a miracle. Automatic skin repair following a scratch or scrape is a miracle. The nanotechnology in your immune system is a miracle. The building of a highly complex organism from microscopic DNA is a miracle, too. Nature abounds with miracles! And astaxanthin is simply one miracle among many that have been provided for us by Mother Nature.
How to take astaxanthin for maximum effect
Since astaxanthin is a fat-soluble carotenoid, the best way to maximize its circulation in your body (and thereby make sure it gets to all your cells, tissues and organs) is to take it with some healthy fats. What kind of healthy fats? Plant-based fats, of course: Coconut oil, olive oil, avocados, chia seeds, flaxseed oil or even fish oil if you want to go that route. Taking astaxanthin with fat causes it to be efficiently transported all around your body and delivered to the places where you body needs healthy fat.
And where does your body need healthy fat? Almost everywhere! Every cell in your body, for example, contains fat molecules in its membrane. And did you know that your brain is made of a whopping 60 percent fat? Its true: Your brain is mostly fat and water. So does it make sense to protect your brain with natural antioxidants that can cross the blood/brain barrier and protect your brain cells from oxidative damage? You bet it does, and thats why astaxanthin produces such astounding health benefits for your brain. Thats why it has been shown to prevent the deterioration of the brain cells that lead to dementia and Alzheimers disease.
Are you taking enough astaxanthin? I took astaxanthin on and off for a couple of years at a very low dosage: 2mg or 4mg. And I never really noticed much of an effect. The reality of astaxanthins health benefits didnt kick in for me until I started taking significantly higher doses like 16mg per day. At that level (which is just four tiny gelcaps per day, theyre the size of BBs), all kinds of benefits started to kick in. I was able to run farther, exercise with greater intensity, and yet wake up the next morning with surprisingly little soreness. It was like my body was suddenly functioning at a fitness level way beyond what I was used to.
I can still remember running along the path through the open desert here in Arizona, passing by the Chaparral bushes (which can cure many cancers, by the way), smelling the rich, fragrant flowers of the local mesquite bushes (which are the sweetest smell in the whole world, as far as Im concerned), and suddenly realizing that I wasnt even breathing hard. I was running at a healthy pace, just gliding along the desert pathway, kicking up sand, leaping across small rocks, under the blazing desert sun, and I didnt even feel tired. It was like I had an oxygen infusion keeping me energized and alert. It was like my heart could pump a never-ending supply of energy to all my muscles. The feeling was truly amazing.
Sure, I take a lot of natural supplements. I drink aloe vera every day (my recommended source for premium-quality dried aloe gel is www.GoodCauseWellness.com by the way), and aloe helps your blood carry more oxygen. And yes, I dont eat oxidizing fried foods, or trans fatty acids, or sugar, and I dont take pharmaceuticals of any kind, and yes, my blood flows like water because I gobble a lot of fish oils, and I get all kinds of vitamin D from the sun. So sure, I have a lot of factors going into healthy blood (astaxanthin certainly isnt the only one) that creates this athletic effect, but the point is Im only human, just like you, and if I can make my cardiovascular system pump along effortlessly, filling my cells with seemingly unlimited oxygen during exercise, then you can experience similar benefits. Were 99.98% genetically identical, after all. My heart is pretty much the same as your heart. The only difference is what we choose to feed it!
Now dont get me wrong, in no way am I saying that after you pop a couple of astaxanthin pills, you will turn into Superman and you can start tearing up the hills of your local hiking path. The benefits of astaxanthin are very real, and I have no need to exaggerate them, so here are some things you need to know about astaxanthin to make sure you understand what it can and cant do for you:
• It doesnt work overnight. I took it for 30 days before I really started to see significant results. You probably wont feel any difference for a few days after you start taking astaxanthin. It takes time for the carotenoids to find their way to your tissues. Once you begin to feel some benefits, those benefits will typically increase for several weeks, so youll feel better as you continue taking the astaxanthin. At some point, the benefits will level off and as long as you keep taking the astaxanthin, youll stay there, experiencing those ongoing benefits.
• Astaxanthin wont counteract unhealthy habits like smoking cigarettes, eating fried foods or drinking a fat-laden Starbucks "coffee" thats really more like a 600-calorie milkshake. Dont take astaxanthin as an excuse to pursue unhealthy foods or lifestyle choices (like smoking).
• Dont go overboard with your exercise in an unsafe way. Always work with a qualified health practitioner concerning ANY changes in your exercise or diet. Ease into your exercise slowly and carefully. Its better to slowly ramp up to more exercise over time than to injure yourself because you got overly excited and went too far...
• Astaxanthin needs to be taken throughout the day for maximum effect. I take 4mg every 4 hours. That way, Im getting a healthy dose of astaxanthin at every hour of the day.
• Always take astaxanthin with healthy fats. Since its fat-soluble, it needs fat to hitch a ride to your bodys cells.
• Remember that if you eat fried foods (including so-called "healthy" snack chips fried at high temperatures), you will "use up" a lot of the antioxidant power in astaxanthin, leaving less to help the rest of your body. Unhealthy foods are often highly oxidizing, so even though I dont recommend eating fried foods, if you do, you may want to consider taking an extra astaxanthin capsule at the same time to protect your body from the fried foods.
• Not to make this too scatalogical, but at 16mg per day, astaxanthin will turn your poo slightly red, just like when you drink beet juice. Drink some chlorophyll too (which turns your poo green) next December, and you can poo in vibrant holiday colors! (Only recommended for the easily amused...)
• Theres virtually no way to overdose on astaxanthin. Remember, this isnt a drug. Its something thats been in the natural food supply for millions of years. The studies that have been done show virtually no toxicity even at ridiculously high doses. However, based on what Ive read it seems that the benefits of astaxanthin reach a point of diminishing returns after about 20mg per day for a human being, so thats why I take 16mg a day: Its enough to generate wonderful benefits, but Im not going overboard with it. In one study, they gave 30mg per day to a horse! So probably, its a fair guess to say you would need less than a horse. The lighter you are, the less you need, of course. I weigh 190 and take 16mg. If you only weigh 110 pounds, you might only want to take 8mg or 12mg per day. Even 4mg per day produces some benefits, by the way.
You can also just buy astaxanthin at your local health food store, of course. Or you might have other online retailers if youre living in the U.K., Australia, Canada or another country. Frankly, it doesnt matter to me where you get your astaxanthin, just make sure of one thing, which is VERY important: Always by "natural" astaxanthin, not "synthetic astaxanthin."
You see, theres a lot of synthetic astaxanthin on the market, too, and its made from -- if you can believe this -- petroleum! It doesnt provide any health benefits, by the way, just like synthetic vitamin E or synthetic B vitamins. Theyre all garbage, if you ask me. Only the natural stuff really works to protect and enhance your health. So wherever you buy astaxanthin, make sure youre buying only natural astaxanthin.
Which sources of astaxanthin I really trust
Another note: As a journalist, Ive toured the Cyanotech facility on the Big Island in Hawaii, and Ive seen their quality first-hand. Ive met the people, photographed the processing facility machines and watched how they clean, dry and pack both astaxanthin and spirulina. So Ive seen it all first hand at Cyanotech, and I know they do a really great job. I have NOT seen any other facilities making astaxanthin, so I cant say whether or not any other companies are doing as good a job as Cyanotech. Therefore, I personally only buy Cyanotechs astaxanthin because I know I can trust it. I also know they batch test their products to make sure they dont contain heavy metals or other freaky contaminants.
The brand name for Cyanotech is "Nutrex." Thats the brand of astaxanthin I recommend.
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أستوكسانثين
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تشریح نگارش (هوش مصنوعی)
کلمه «آستاکسانتین» یک اسم است که به عنوان یک صفت دارویی و علمی شناخته می‌شود. برای استفاده صحیح از این کلمه و رعایت قواعد نگارشی و فارسی، نکات زیر را در نظر بگیرید:
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نوشتار صحیح: اطمینان حاصل کنید که کلمه را به درستی و با املای صحیح بنویسید. اشتباهات املایی ممکن است موجب سردرگمی شوند.
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جنس کلمه: «آستاکسانتین» یک اسم غیر قابل شمارش است. در جملات باید به این نکته توجه کنید که از الفاظی مثل «یک»، «چند» و «بسیار» با دقت استفاده کنید.
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ادغام با جملات: در صورتی که کلمه در جملات به کار می‌رود، باید به ساختار جمله توجه کنید. مثلاً: «آستاکسانتین یک آنتی‌اکسیدان قوی است.»
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فاصله‌گذاری: به یاد داشته باشید که در فارسی بین کلمات و علامات نگارشی فاصله مناسب را رعایت کنید.
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استفاده از واژه‌های مرتبط: اگر در مورد آستاکسانتین اطلاعات بیشتری ارائه می‌دهید، میتوانید از واژه‌های مرتبط مانند «مکمل»، «خاصیت‌ها»، «منابع طبیعی» و غیره استفاده کنید.
- توجه به نوع متن: در متون علمی یا تخصصی ممکن است نیاز به توضیحات بیشتری دربارهٔ آستاکسانتین باشد، در حالی که در متون عمومی‌تر میتوانید به سادگی به ویژگی‌ها و کاربردهای آن اشاره کنید.
مثال‌های جملات:
- «آستاکسانتین به عنوان یک کاروتنوئید شناخته می‌شود.»
- «مصرف آستاکسانتین می‌تواند به بهبود سلامت پوست کمک کند.»
با رعایت این نکات، میتوانید از کلمه «آستاکسانتین» به طور مؤثر و دقیق در نوشتار خود استفاده کنید.