گور ویدال
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گور ویدال
معنی:
یوجین لوتر گور ویدال (به انگلیسی: Eugene Luther Gore Vidal) (زاده ۳ اکتبر ۱۹۲۵ - درگذشته ۳۱ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۲) از رماننویسان و نمایشنامهنویسان معروف آمریکایی و فعال سیاسی است.
ویدال یکی از جنجالیترین نویسندگان معاصر است. او را وجدان بیدار جامعه آمریکا خوانده اند. مهمترین شاهکار حماسی او، رمان آفرینش است. او در فیلم گاتاکا نیز نقش آفرینی نمودهاست.
محتویات
کتابشناسی
رمان
گور ویدال
ویلی وا
جنگل زرد
شهر و ستون
فصل آسایش
در جستجوی شاه
سبز تیره و سرخ روشن
داوری پاریس
مسیح
کتاب یولیانوس (برگردان به وسیله فریدون مجلسی، در دو جلد به نامهای میترا و صلیب و ایران سرزمین مقدس و همچنین به نام ستیز خدایان توسط دکتر کوشیار کریمی)
کتاب در قالب خاطرات یولیانوس (جولیان) نوشته شده که یکی از امپراتوران بیزانس (بیزانتیوم) یا روم شرقی بودهاست. موضوع آن را کشمکش نهایی میان مهرپرستی و مسیحیت در دوران یولیانوس و سرانجام لشکرکشی یولیانوس (جولیان یا ژولیانوس) به ایران و شکست و قتل او به وسیله شاپور دوم ساسانی تشکیل میدهد.
ادگار باکس
شیطان تشنه و دیگر ذاستان های او
دو خواهر، (ترجمه فارسی به نام هلنا توسط فریدون مجلسی، ۱۳۷۷؛
کتابهای کالکی، ترجمه فریدون مجلسی، نشر البرز، ۱۳۷۶
آرون بِر (کتاب نخست از تریلوژی تاریخ آمریکا)، ترجمه فریدون مجلسی، نشر البرز ۱۳۷۸،
رمان آفرینش
این کتاب دربارهٔ کوروش سپیدمه، سیاستمدار دوران هخامنشی است. کورش اسپیتام در قرن پنجم پیش از میلاد به کشورهایی با مذاهب و حکومتهای گوناگون سفر کرد و در این سفر، نمادهای انسانی مانند زرتشت، بودا، لاو سو و غیره را ملاقات کرده بود.
نمایشنامه
دیدار از یک سیاره کوچک
بهترین مرد
مقاله و غیر داستانی
قایق لرزان
بازتاب کشتی غرق شده
در واشنگتن دی سی
منابع
↑ www.euronews.com
در ویکیانبار پروندههایی دربارهٔ گور ویدال موجود است.
حزب سوسیال دمکرات ایران - فرهنگ وهنر
مصاحبه اختصاصی گور ویدال نویسنده آمریکایی با علیرضا میبدی و حسام
گور ویدال - Soreie Mehr - Magazines
ردهها: زادگان ۱۹۲۵ (میلادی)درگذشتگان ۲۰۱۲ (میلادی)اهالی لسآنجلس برندگان جایزه ادگار خاطرهنویسان اهل آمریکادرگذشتگان به علت سینهپهلو دگرباشان جنسی اهل آمریکا رماننویسان اهل آمریکا سربازان ارتش ایالات متحده فعالان سیاسی اهل آمریکافیلمنامهنویسان اهل آمریکامقالهنویسان اهل آمریکا نمایشنامهنویسان اهل آمریکا نویسندگان اهل آمریکا نویسندگان اهل ایالت نیویورک نویسندگان پستمدرن نویسندگان دگرباش جنسی نویسندگان سیاسی اهل آمریکا نظامیان ایالات متحده در جنگ جهانی دوم
قس عربی
یوجین لوثر غور فیدال (بالإنجلیزیة: Eugene Luther Gore Vidal) (ولد 3 أکتوبر 1925 - توفی 31 یولیو، 2012). کان کاتب مقالة، وروایة، وسیناریو، ومسرحیات أمیرکی. ذو نسب سیاسی فجده کان عضو مجلس الشیوخ الأمریکی توماس غور، له صلات عائلیة (عن طریق الزواج) بجاکلین کنیدی.
ترشح فیدال لمناصب سیاسیة مرتین وکان ناقدا سیاسیا لفترة طویلة. کان مؤیدا للحزب الدیمقراطی کما عرف من مقالاته وروایاته، وکتب فیدال لمجلة ذی ناشین، وفی مجلة نیویورکر، وفانیتی فیر، ونیویورک ریفیو أوف بوکس. انتقد فیدال لفترة طویلة سیاسة أمریکا الخارجیة من خلال مقالاته وظهوره الإعلامی. بالإضافة إلى هذا، وصف الولایات المتحدة منذ الثمانینات بأنها امبراطوریة تتدهور. وعرف بمشاحنات له مع شخصیات مثل نورمان میلر، ویلیام إف باکلی جونیور، وترومان کابوت.
صنفت روایات فیدال ضمن الروایات الاجتماعیة والتاریخیة. وکان أفضل روایاته الاجتماعیة المعروفة روایة میرا برکنریدج التی تحولت إلى فیلم سینمائی لاحقا بنفس إسم الروایة؛ أما روایاته التاریخیة المعروفة شملت روایة جولیان، وروایة بر وروایة لینکولن. اثارت روایته الثالثة المدینة والعامود (1948) غضب النقاد المحافظین باعتبارها واحدة من أولى الروایات الأمیرکیة التی تتحدث عن الشذوذ الجنسی. رفض فیدال دائما وصف "مثلی الجنس" و "الجنس الآخر" واعتبره وصف باطل، مدعیا أن الغالبیة العظمى من الأفراد من المحتمل أن یکونو من عدیمی الجنس. أشهر أعماله فی کتابة السیناریو لفیلم الدراما التاریخیة الملحمیة بن هور (1959) الحائز على العدید من الجوائز.
فی وقت وفاته کان آخر الکتاب الأمریکیین من جیله من الذین خدموا خلال الحرب العالمیة الثانیة، بما فی ذلک جیروم سالینغر، کورت فونیجت، نورمان میلر، وجوزیف هیلر.
مصادر
↑ أ ب فیدال, غور, "West Point and the Third Loyalty", نیویورک ریفیو أوف بوکس, الإصدار 20, العدد 16, أکتوبر 18, 1973.
تصنیفات: روائیون أمریکیونکتاب مقالات أمریکیونکتاب سیاسیون أمریکیونکتاب سیناریو أمریکیونأعلام من لوس أنجلیس، کالفورنیاکتاب ومؤلفون أمریکیونموالید 1925وفیات 2012وفیات بسبب الالتهاب الرئویکتاب ومؤلفون إل جی بی تیعسکریون أمریکیون فی الحرب العالمیة الثانیة
قس ترکی آذری
Yucin Loter Qor Vidal(3 oktyabr 1925 - 31 iyul 2012)- Amerikalı yazıçı, ssenarist, romançı, oçerkist, jurnalist, dramaturq və siyasi aktivist.O, esselər, romanlar, ekran pyesləri və Broadway pyesləri üçün tanınmış idi.Vidal görkəmli bir siyasi soyundan gəlirdi; babası senator Tomas Qor idi,və daha sonra Jaklin Kennedi ilə (evlilik yolu ilə) qohum oldu.
Bioqrafiyası
Vidal,Yucin Luis Vidal adıyla,Yucin Luter Vidal (1895-1969) və Nina Qorun (1903-1978) yalnız uşağı olaraq Vest Poynt, Nyu-Yorkda anadan olmuşdur.
İstinadlar
↑ Telegraph obituary
↑ Vidal, Gore, "West Point and the Third Loyalty", The New York Review of Books, Volume 20, Number 16, October 18, 1973.
Xarici keçidlər
Qor Vidalın rəsmi vebsaytı
Vikimedia Kommonsda Qor Vidal ilə əlaqədar müxtəlif fayllar var.
Kateqoriyalar: 3 oktyabrda doğulanlar1925-ci ildə doğulanlar31 iyulda vəfat edənlər2012-ci ildə vəfat edənlərƏlifba sırasına görə yazıçı və şairlər
قس ترکی استانبولی
Eugene Luther Gore Vidal (d. 3 Ekim 1925 — ö. 31 Temmuz 2012), ABDli romancı, oyun yazarı, deneme yazarı, senarist ve siyasi aktivist.
Eşcinselliği açıkça konu eden ilk büyük Amerikan romanlarından biri olaran Kent ve Tuz (The City and the Pillar, 1948) adlı üçüncü romanıyla anaakım eleştirmenlerin tepkisini toplamıştır.
Konu başlıkları
Eserleri
Deneme ve düzyazı
Rocking the Boat (1963)
Reflections Upon a Sinking Ship (1969)
Sex, Death and Money (1969)
Homage to Daniel Shays (1972)
Matters of Fact and of Fiction (1977)
Views from a Window (1981)
The Second American Revolution (1983)
Vidal In Venice (1985)
Armageddon? (1987)
At Home (1988)
A View From The Diners Club (1991)
Screening History (1992)
Decline and Fall of the American Empire (1992)
United States: Essays 1952–1992 (1993) — Ulusal Kitap Ödülü
Palimpsest: a memoir (1995)
Virgin Islands (1997)
The American Presidency (1998)
Sexually Speaking: Collected Sex Writings (1999)
The Last Empire: essays 1992–2000 (2001)
Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace or How We Came To Be So Hated (2002)
Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta (2002)
Inventing a Nation: Washington, Adams, Jefferson (2003)
Imperial America: Reflections on the United States of Amnesia (2004)
Point to Point Navigation: A Memoir (2006)
The Selected Essays of Gore Vidal (2008)
Gore Vidal: Snapshots in Historys Glare (2009)
Oyun
Visit to a Small Planet (1957)
The Best Man (1960)
On the March to the Sea (1960–1961, 2004)
Romulus (uyarlama) (1962)
Weekend (1968)
Drawing Room Comedy (1970)
An Evening with Richard Nixon (1970)
On the March to the Sea (2005)
Roman ve öykü
Williwaw (1946)
In a Yellow Wood (1947)
The City and the Pillar (1948) (Kent ve Tuz, Helikopter Yayınları, 2010; Altıkırkbeş Yayınları, 1998)
The Season of Comfort (1949)
A Search for the King (1950)
Dark Green, Bright Red (1950)
The Judgment of Paris (1952)
Messiah (1954)
A Thirsty Evil (1956) (öyküler)
Julian (1964) (İmparator Julian, Bakış Yayınları, 2000)
Washington, D.C. (1967)
Myra Breckinridge (1968)
Two Sisters (1970)
Burr (1973) (Düello, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2005)
Myron (1974)
1876 (1976) (1876, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2009)
Kalki (1978)
Creation (1981) (Yaratılış, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2009; Ben Cyrus, Zerdüştün Torunu, Kaknüs Yayınları, 1999)
Duluth (1983)
Lincoln (1984) (Lincoln, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2007)
Empire (1987) (İmparatorluk, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2011)
Hollywood (1990)
Live from Golgotha: The Gospel according to Gore Vidal (1992) (Golgotadan Canlı Yayın: Yeniden Yazılan İncil, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2005)
The Smithsonian Institution (1998)
The Golden Age (2000)
Clouds and Eclipses (2006) (öyküler)
Senaryo
Climax!: Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (1954) (TV uyarlaması)
The Catered Affair (1956)
I Accuse! (1958)
The Scapegoat (1959)
Ben Hur (1959) (adı geçmiyor)
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)
The Best Man (1964)
Is Paris Burning? (1966)
Last of the Mobile Hot Shots(1970)
Caligula (1979)
Dress Gray (1986)
The Sicilian (1987) (adı geçmiyor)
Billy the Kid (1989)
Dimenticare Palermo (1989)
Mahlas altında eserleri
A Stars Progress (ya da Cry Shame!) (1950) - Katherine Everard mahlasıyla
Thieves Fall Out (1953) - Cameron Kay mahlasıyla
Death Before Bedtime (1953) - Edgar Box mahlasıyla
Death in the Fifth Position (1952) - Edgar Box mahlasıyla
Death Likes It Hot (1954) - Edgar Box mahlasıyla
Wikimedia Commonsta
Gore Vidal ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur.
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Kategoriler: Yeni ölümlerABDli yazar taslakları1925 doğumlularNew York Eyaleti doğumlular2012 yılında ölenler20. yüzyıl yazarlarıABDli deneme yazarlarıABDli oyun yazarlarıABDli romancılarABDli senaristlerABDli yazarlarII. Dünya Savaşında ABDli askerlerBiseksüel yazarlarKomplo teorisyenleriLGBT askerlerLGBT senaristlerZatürreden ölen kişiler
قس عبری
יוגין לותר גור וידאל (באנגלית: Eugene Luther Gore Vidal; 3 באוקטובר 1925 - 31 ביולי 2012) היה סופר שכתב 22 ספרים, חמישה מחזות, תסריטים וסיפורים קצרים רבים, יותר ממאתיים מאמרים וזיכרון דברים. שניים מספרי סדרת אמריקה האימפריאלית שלו, "לינקולן" ו- "1876", היו נושאים לכתבות ראשיות ב"טיים" וב"ניוזוויק", בהתאמה. ב-1993 זכה קובץ ביקורות שכתב, "ארצות הברית: מאמרים 1952-1992", בפרס הספר הלאומי. הוא זכה בפרס מטעם פסטיבל הסרטים בקאן לתסריט הטוב ביותר עבור "הטוב מכולם". וידאל התגורר לסירוגין ברוואלו שבדרום איטליה (סמוך למפרץ נפולי), ובלוס אנגלס, ארצות הברית.
תוכן עניינים
חייו
וידאל נולד בווסט-פוינט, ניו יורק, באקדמיה הצבאית של ארצות הברית, שם שימש אביו, יוגין וידאל, כמדריך אווירונאוטיקה. מאוחר יותר אימץ וידאל כשמו הפרטי את שם משפחתו של סבו מצד אמו.
הוא גדל בוושינגטון הבירה, ולמד בבית הספר סנט אלבנס. סבו, תומאס גור, שהיה סנאטור דמוקרטי מאוקלהומה, היה עיוור, ווידאל הצעיר נהג להקריא לו בקול ולשמש לעתים קרובות כמכוון שלו, ובכך היה נגיש עוד מילדותו, שלא כשאר הילדים, אל נפתולי הפוליטיקה האמריקאית. הבדלנות בה דגל הסנטור גור הייתה אחת מאמונות היסוד של משנתו הפוליטית של וידאל, שהייתה תמיד ביקורתית באשר למה שהוא כינה "האימפריאליזם האמריקני".
בשנת 1943, לאחר סיום לימודיו באקדמיית פיליפס אקסטר, הצטרף וידאל ליחידת המילואים של צבא ארצות הברית. במשך חלק גדול משנות המאה ה-20 המאוחרות הוא התגורר לסירוגין בראוולו שבאיטליה שליד החוף של אמלפי, ובלוס אנגלס שבקליפורניה. בשנת 2003 מכר את ביתו שבראוולו ומאז בילה את עיקר זמנו בלוס אנגלס. בנובמבר 2003 נפטר הווארד אוסטן, בן זוגו של וידאל. בפברואר 2005 קבר וידאל את עצמותיו של בן זוגו בחלקת קבר השמורה לשניהם בבית קברות בוושינגטון הבירה. מערכת יחסים ארוכה ומוצלחת זו הייתה, כעדות וידאל עצמו (גם בשידור וגם בכתביו האוטוביוגרפיים), נטולת מין בשנותיה האחרונות. הוא סיפר אף כי לפחות פעמיים קיים יחסים מיניים עם נשים. בכל מקרה, היה מיודד עם נשים לרוב, שהוקסמו מחריפותו ואישיותו.
וידאל הוא חבר כבוד של האגודה החילונית הלאומית של ארצות הברית.
נפטר ב-31 ביולי 2012.
קריירת כתיבה
גור וידאל (1948). צילם: קארל ואן וכטן
בגיל 21 פרסם וידאל את הספר הראשון שלו "וויליוואו", המבוסס על חוויותיו הצבאיות משירותו ביחידת החוף האלסקי. מספר שנים אחר-כך, ספרו "העיר ועמוד התווך", שעסק באופן גלוי בנושאים הומוסקסואלים גרם לסערה עד כדי כך, שהעיתון "ניו יורק טיימס" סירב לכתוב ביקורת על ספרים מאוחרים יותר של וידאל. כתוצאה מכך, חלה ירידה במכירות הספרים שלו, ווידאל כתב תסריטים למחזות, לסרטים ולסדרות טלוויזיה. שניים ממחזותיו, "הטוב מכולם" ו-"ביקור בכוכב קטן", היו ללהיטים בבימות ברודוויי ואף הפכו לסרטים מצליחים.
בתחילת שנות החמישים כתב שלושה ספרי מיסתורין תחת שם העט אדגר בוקס. הדמות הראשית בספרים אלו הייתה בלש בשם פיטר סרגנט (במשמעות כפולה, היות ש"סרגנט" משמש גם כדרגה במשטרה). וידאל נשכר כתסריטאי בחברת הסרטים MGM בשנת 1956. בשנת 1959, הבמאי ויליאם ויילר נזקק לתיקונים בתסריט של "בן חור", שנכתב על ידי קארל טונברג. וידאל הסכים לעבוד עם המחזאי כריסטופר פריי על שיפוץ התסריט, בתנאי ש-MGM ישחררו אותו שנתיים קודם לסיום חוזהו עימם. מותו של המפיק, סאם זימבליסט, לא אפשר מתן הקרדיט לווידאל על התסריט. אגודת התסריטאים החליטה שטונברג יקבל את הקרדיט המלא על התסריט, ללא מתן קרדיט לווידאל ולפריי.
בשנות ה-60 כתב וידאל 3 רומנים מצליחים ביותר. לכתיבת הספר "גוליאן" (1964), שעסק בקיסר הרומי הכופר יוליאנוס (361-33 לספירה), ערך וידאל תחקיר יסודי ומעמיק. הספר "וושינגטון די.סי" (1967) התמקד במשפחה פוליטית בתקופת נשיאותו של פרנקלין דלאנו רוזוולט (1933-1945). הרומן השלישי שלו, "מיירה ברקינגרידג", היה סאטירי באופן מפתיע (1968).
לאחר שני מחזות כושלים ("סופשבוע" (1968) ו-"ערב עם ריצרד ניקסון" (1972) והרומן החצי-אוטוביוגרפי "שתי אחיות" (1970), התמקד וידאל בעיקר במסות ושני סוגי הרומאנים שלו: רומאנים היסטוריים העוסקים בהיסטוריה האמריקנית כמו "באר" (ארון בר, פוליטיקאי אמריקאי מהמאה ה- 18) משנת 1976, "1876" (נכתב ב- 1976), "לינקולן" (1984), "אימפריה" (1987), "הוליווד" (1989), "תור הזהב" (2000) וגיחה נוספת לעידן העתיק בספר "בריאה" (1981); וכן רומנים סאטיריים מצחיקים ולעתים חסרי רחמים כמו "מיירון" (משנת 1975, המשך ל-"מיירה ברקינגרידג", "קאלקי" (1978), "דולות" (1983), "בשידור חי מגולגותה" (1992) וכן "מוסד הסמיתסוניאן".
וידאל חזר לכתוב מדי פעם עבור הקולנוע והטלוויזיה, כמו סרט הטלוויזיה "בילי הנער", בכיכובו של ואל קילמר וה-מיני סידרה "לינקולן". כמו כן, הוא כתב את התסריט המקורי לסרט השנוי במחלוקת "קאליגולה", אך לאחר מכן הוסר שמו מרשימת הכותבים לאחר שהבמאי טינטו בראס והשחקן הראשי מלקולם מקדואל שכתבו את התסריט מחדש, ובכך שינו לגמרי את התסריט המקורי.
אולי בניגוד לשאיפותיו-שלו, וידאל מוערך יותר כמסאי מאשר ככותב רומנים. הוא כותב בעיקר על נושאים פוליטיים, היסטוריים וסיפרותיים. הוא זכה בפרס הלאומי ב-1993 עבור "ארצות הברית" (1952-1992). אוסף נוסף שיצא בשנת 2000 הוא "האימפריה האחרונה". מאז פרסם "עלונים" אשר ביקרו בחריפות את המדיניות של הנשיא גורג בוש הבן. כמו כן פרסם גם את המאמר על האבות המייסדים של ארצות הברית, "להמציא אומה". כמו כן, הוציא לאור את האוטוביוגרפיה "קלף" בשנת 1995, ועל פי דיווחים מן העת האחרונה, הוא שקד בימים אלו על ספר המשך.
בשנת 1987 כתב סדרת מאמרים בשם "ארמגדון", אשר חוקרת את העוצמה המורכבת של אמריקה העכשווית ומוקיעה ללא רחמים את נשיאותו של רונלד רייגן. לבד מסבו הפוליטיקאי, היו לווידאל קשרים נוספים אל המפלגה הדמוקרטית: אימו נינה נישאה ליו אוכינקלוס הבן, שהיה מאוחר יותר לאביה החורג של זקלין קנדי (אלמנת הנשיא גון קנדי). וידאל הוא בן דודו מדרגה חמישית של גימי קרטר (נשיא ארצות הברית בשנים 1977-1981). כמו כן, הוא היה מועמד המפלגה הדמוקרטית לקונגרס בשנת 1960, אך הפסיד את מקומו במחוז הרפובליקני "נהר הדסון". גם בניסיונו השני בשנת 1982 הוא נכשל בבחירות, למרות גיבוי של ידוענים כמו פול ניומן וגואן וודוורד (אשתו של פול ניומן).
וידאל השתתף בסרט "בוב רוברטס", לצידו של טים רובינס, בשנת 1992, וכמו כן בסרטים נוספים, בהם "מה קרה בגטקה?", "בהצטיינות" ו-"איגבי נופל".
דעות פוליטיות שנויות במחלוקת
וידאל החשיב עצמו "רפורמטור (=מתקן) קיצוני", ותואר כמי שרוצה להחזיר את הרפובליקניות הטהורה של אמריקה המוקדמת. כתלמיד המכינה, הוא תמך בתנועה "אמריקה ראשונה". שלא כמו תומכים אחרים של תנועה זו, המשיך להחזיק באמונה, כי ארצות הברית לא הייתה צריכה להתערב במלחמת העולם השנייה (אף על פי שנדמה כי הוא מאמין שהסיוע החומרי לבעלות הברית היה נכון). כמו כן, הוא העלה את תאוריית הקשר, כי הנשיא רוזוולט דחף את היפנים לתקוף את ארצות הברית ובכך לאפשר לה להיכנס למלחמה, היות שהאמין שהיה לנשיא מידע מוקדם על ההתקפה על פרל הארבור טרם התרחשותה.
כפעיל פוליטי, היה וידאל מועמד המפלגה הדמוקרטית לקונגרס מטעם צפון מדינת ניו-יורק. הוא קיבל את מספר הקולות הרב ביותר שקיבל מועמד דמוקרטי מזה 50 שנה. משנת 1970 ועד 1972 הוא היה אחד מחברי הנהלת מפלגת העם, ובשנת 1982 היה מועמד המפלגה הדמוקרטית לסנאט מטעם מדינת קליפורניה, אך סיים במקום השני מתוך 9 מועמדים (וזכה בחצי מיליון קולות).
מעשי וידאל היו שנויים במחלוקת בעיקר בנושא יחסו לטרוריסט טימותי מקווי. השניים החליפו מכתבים כאשר מקווי היה בכלא, ווידאל האמין שהיו לו משתפי פעולה או שהוא הופלל. וידאל העלה את האפשרות שאולי ההתקפה הטרוריסטית בוצעה על ידי ה-FBI עצמו על מנת להעביר חוקים אנטי-טרוריסטיים מחמירים יותר.
דעותיו בנושא אירועי ה-11 בספטמבר
וידאל היה ממבקריו הבולטים של ממשל בוש הבן, כפי שהיה גם לגבי ממשלים הקודמים, היות שבעיניו בוש נחשב לדוגל במדיניות של התפשטות טריטוריאלית, בין אם ברורה ובין אם מרומזת. פעמים רבות העלה וידאל את הנקודה הזו בראיונות ומאמרים, ובאחד מספריו האחרונים אף כתב שהאמריקנים "נשלטים עכשיו בידי אנשי פנטגון צמאי נפט, כמו בוש, צייני, רמספלד ודומיהם". הוא טען, שבמשך מספר שנים קבוצת פוליטיקאים זו ומקורבייה מתכוונים לשלוט במקורות הנפט של מרכז אסיה (אחרי שלדעתו, הצליחו להשתלט באופן אפקטיבי על מקורות הנפט של המפרץ הפרסי בשנת 1991, בעקבות מלחמת המפרץ). בנוגע לפיגועי 11 בספטמבר, וידאל כתב כיצד התקפת טרור כזו, שהוא טוען שלמודיעין האמריקני היו ידיעות מראש עליה, הייתה תירוץ עבור הממשל למימוש התוכניות שהוכנו עוד באוגוסט 2001 לפלישה לאפגניסטן בחודש אוקטובר.
וידאל דן במחדל ההגנה של הממשל בעת האירועים של ה-11 בספטמבר, כולל העיכוב בהזנקת מטוסי תקיפה לאוויר כדי להפיל את המטוסים החטופים, וזאת לעומת מה שהיה מתבקש להתרחש לאחר הודעה על חטיפת מטוס. אם בכלל, הוא טוען, אפשר להניח שהמחדלים הגדולים הללו היו בבחינת חוסר יכולת ולא כוונה מראש.מקור
קישורים חיצוניים
מיה סלע, מת הסופר האמריקאי גור וידאל, באתר הארץ, 1 באוגוסט 2012
אורי קליין, גור וידאל: מושמץ, מלוכלך, גאון, באתר הארץ, 1 באוגוסט 2012
מיה סלע, שערוריות ומסות מבריקות: מי היה גור וידאל, באתר הארץ, 6 באוגוסט 2012
קטגוריות: סופרים אמריקאיםלהט"בים אמריקאים
قس پنجابی
گور ودال (اکتوبر 3, 1925 - جولائی 31, 2012) اک امریکی ڈرامہ تے ناول لکھاری سی۔ اوہدیاں سیانف والے چبھدے باک پڑھن والی شے نیں۔
گور ودال دے باک پنجابی سیانے بول توں
جدوں وی کسے یار نوں جت ہوندی اے میرے اندر کوئی شے مرجاندی اے۔
سڑنا امریکی جیون دا مڈ اے۔
جتنا ای کافی نئیں دوجیاں نوں ہارنا وی چائیدا اے۔
کسے دی پرائیویٹ زندگی وچ دخل سرکار دا کم نئیں۔
مذہباں نوں اوہناں لوکاں دی سیوا لئی ورتیا جاندا اے جیہڑے سوسائٹی تے راج کردے نیں ۔
ادھے امریکیاں نیں کدے اخبار نئیں پڑھیا۔ ادھیاں نے کدے صدر نوں ووٹ نئیں دتا۔- اوہناں ادھیاں نیں ؟
گٹھ: امریکی لکھاری
قس انگلیسی
Eugene Luther Gore Vidal ( /ˌɡɔr vɨˈdɑːl/;, born Eugene Louis Vidal, October 3, 1925 – July 31, 2012) was an American writer known for his essays, novels, screenplays, and Broadway plays. He was also known for his patrician manner, Transatlantic accent, and witty aphorisms. Vidal came from a distinguished political lineage; his grandfather was the U.S. Senator Thomas Gore of Oklahoma.
Vidal was a lifelong Democrat; he ran for political office twice and was a longtime political commentator. As well known for his essays as his novels, Vidal wrote for The Nation, the New Yorker, the New York Review of Books and Esquire. Through his essays and media appearances, Vidal was a longtime critic of American foreign policy. In addition to this, he characterised the United States as a decaying empire from the 1980s onwards. Additionally he was known for his well-publicized spats with such figures as Norman Mailer, William F. Buckley, Jr., and Truman Capote.
Vidals best-known novels fell into two distinct camps: social and historical. His most widely regarded social novel was Myra Breckinridge; his best known historical novels included Julian, Burr, and Lincoln. His third novel, The City and the Pillar (1948), outraged conservative critics as one of the first major American novels to feature unambiguous homosexuality. Vidal always rejected the terms of "homosexual" and "heterosexual" as inherently false, claiming that the vast majority of individuals had the potential to be pansexual. His screenwriting credits included the epic historical drama Ben-Hur (1959), into which he claimed he had written a "gay subplot." Ben-Hur won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
At the time of his death he was the last of a generation of American writers who had served during World War II, including J.D. Salinger, Kurt Vonnegut, Norman Mailer, and Joseph Heller. Perhaps best remembered for his caustic wit, he referred to himself as a "gentleman bitch" and has been described as the 20th centurys answer to Oscar Wilde.
Contents
Life and career
Early life
Vidal was born Eugene Louis Vidal in West Point, New York, the only child of Eugene Luther Vidal (1895–1969) and Nina Gore (1903–1978). The middle name, Louis, was a mistake on the part of his father, "who could not remember for certain whether his own name was Eugene Louis or Eugene Luther." As Vidal explained in his memoir Palimpsest (Deutsch, 1995), "... my birth certificate says Eugene Louis Vidal: this was changed to Eugene Luther Vidal, Jr.; then Gore was added at my christening 1939; then at fourteen I got rid of the first two names."
Vidal was born in the Cadet Hospital of the United States Military Academy (West Point), where his father, a first lieutenant, was the first aeronautics instructor. According to Conversations with Gore Vidal, the future writer was not baptised until January 1939, at age 13, by the headmaster of St. Albans, where Vidal was attending preparatory school. The ceremony took place so Vidal "could be confirmed the Episcopal faith at the Washington Cathedral in February as Eugene Luther Gore Vidal." He later stated that although Gore was added to his names at the time of the baptism, "I wasnt named for him, although he had a great influence on my life." In 1941, Vidal dropped both of his first two names, saying that he "wanted a sharp, distinctive name, appropriate for an aspiring author or national political leader. I wasnt going to write as Gene since there was already one. I didnt want to use the Jr."
Photo of Vidal by Carl Van Vechten, 1948
Vidals father served as director of the Commerce Departments Bureau of Air Commerce (1933–1937) in the Roosevelt administration, was one of the first Army Air Corps pilots and, according to biographer Susan Butler, was the great love of Amelia Earharts life. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was a co-founder of three American airlines: the Ludington Line, which merged with others and became Eastern Airlines, Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT, which became TWA), and Northeast Airlines, which he founded with Earhart, as well as the Boston and Maine Railroad. The elder Vidal was also had been a West Point football quarterback, coach, and captain and an all-American basketball player. He also participated in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics (seventh in the decathlon; U.S. pentathlon team coach).
Vidals mother was a society figure who made her Broadway debut as an extra in Sign of the Leopard in 1928. She married Eugene Luther Vidal, Sr. in 1922 and divorced him in 1935. Two more marriages followed (one to Hugh D. Auchincloss, later the stepfather of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis), and, according to her son, she had "a long off-and-on affair" with actor Clark Gable. As Nina Auchincloss, she was an alternate delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention.
Vidal had four half-siblings from his parents later marriages (Vance Vidal, Valerie Vidal, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss) and four stepbrothers from his mothers third marriage to Army Air Forces Major General Robert Olds, who died in 1943, ten months after marrying Vidals mother. Vidals nephews include the brothers Burr Steers, writer and film director, and painter Hugh Auchincloss Steers (1963–1995).
Vidal was raised in Washington, D.C., where he attended Sidwell Friends School and then St. Albans School. Since Senator Gore was blind, his grandson read aloud to him and was often his guide. The senators isolationism contributed a major principle of his grandsons political philosophy, which is critical of foreign and domestic policies shaped by American imperialism. Gore attended St. Albans in 1939, but left to study in France. He returned following the outbreak of World War II and studied at the Los Alamos Ranch School in 1940, later transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. Roy Hattersley writes, "for reasons he never explained, he did not go on to Harvard, Yale or Princeton with other members of his social class." Instead, Vidal enlisted in the US Navy, serving as a warrant officer, mostly in the North Pacific. After three years, he contracted hypothermia, developed rheumatoid arthritis and became a mess officer.
Writing career
Fiction
Vidal, whom a Newsweek critic called "the best all-around American man of letters since Edmund Wilson," began his writing career in 1946, aged nineteen, with the publication of the military novel Williwaw, based upon his Alaskan Harbor Detachment duty. The novel was about World War II and proved a success for Vidal. Published two years later in 1948, The City and the Pillar caused a furor for its dispassionate presentation of homosexuality. The novel was dedicated to "J.T." Decades later, after a magazine published rumors about J.T.s identity, Vidal confirmed they were the initials of his alleged St. Albans-era love, James "Jimmy" Trimble III, killed in the Battle of Iwo Jima on March 1, 1945; Vidal later said that Trimble was the only person he had ever loved.
Orville Prescott, the book critic for the New York Times, found The City and the Pillar so objectionable that he refused to review or allow the Times to review Vidals next five books. In response, Vidal wrote several mystery novels in the early 1950s under the pseudonym Edgar Box. Featuring public relations man Peter Cutler Sargeant II, their success financed Vidal for more than a decade.
Gore Vidal in 2008 at the Los Angeles Times Festival of Books.
He wrote plays, films, and television series. Two plays, The Best Man (1960) and Visit to a Small Planet (1955), were both Broadway and film successes.
In 1956, Vidal was hired as a contract screenwriter for Metro Goldwyn Mayer. In 1959, director William Wyler needed script doctors to re-write the script for Ben-Hur, originally written by Karl Tunberg. Vidal collaborated with Christopher Fry, reworking the screenplay on condition that MGM release him from the last two years of his contract. Producer Sam Zimbalists death complicated the screenwriting credit. The Screen Writers Guild resolved the matter by listing Tunberg as sole screenwriter, denying credit to both Vidal and Fry. This decision was based on the WGA screenwriting credit system which favors original authors. Vidal later claimed in the documentary film The Celluloid Closet that to explain the animosity between Ben-Hur and Messala, he had inserted a gay subtext suggesting that the two had had a prior relationship, but that actor Charlton Heston was oblivious. Heston denied that Vidal contributed significantly to the script.
In the 1960s, Vidal wrote three novels. The first, Julian (1964) dealt with the apostate Roman emperor, while the second, Washington, D.C. (1967) focused on a political family during the Franklin D. Roosevelt era. The third was the satirical transsexual comedy Myra Breckinridge (1968), a variation on Vidals familiar themes of sex, gender, and popular culture. In the novel, Vidal showcased his love of the American films of the 30s and 40s, and he resurrected interest in the careers of the forgotten players of the time including, for example, that of the late Richard Cromwell, who, he wrote, "was so satisfyingly tortured in The Lives of a Bengal Lancer."
After the staging of the plays Weekend (1968) and An Evening With Richard Nixon (1972), and the publication of the novel Two Sisters: A Novel in the Form of a Memoir (1970), Vidal focused on essays and two distinct themes in his fiction. The first strain comprises novels dealing with American history, specifically with the nature of national politics. Critic Harold Bloom wrote, "Vidals imagination of American politics ... is so powerful as to compel awe." Titles in this series, the Narratives of Empire, include Burr (1973), 1876 (1976), Lincoln (1984), Empire (1987), Hollywood (1990), The Golden Age (2000). Another title devoted to the ancient world, Creation, appeared in 1981 and then in expanded form in 2002.
The second strain consists of the comedic "satirical inventions": Myron (1974, a sequel to Myra Breckinridge), Kalki (1978), Duluth (1983), Live from Golgotha: The Gospel according to Gore Vidal (1992), and The Smithsonian Institution (1998).
Vidal occasionally returned to writing for film and television, including the television movie Gore Vidals Billy the Kid with Val Kilmer and the mini-series Lincoln. He also wrote the original draft for the controversial film Caligula, but later had his name removed when director Tinto Brass and actor Malcolm McDowell rewrote the script, changing the tone and themes significantly. The producers later made an attempt to salvage some of Vidals vision in the films post-production.
Essays and memoirs
Vidal is — at least in the U.S. — respected more for his essays than his novels. Even an occasionally hostile critic like Martin Amis admitted, "Essays are what he is good at ... e is learned, funny and exceptionally clear-sighted. Even his blind spots are illuminating."
For six decades, Gore Vidal applied himself to a wide variety of sociopolitical, sexual, historical and literary themes. In 1987, Vidal wrote the essays titled Armageddon?, exploring the intricacies of power in contemporary America. He pilloried the incumbent president Ronald Reagan as a "triumph of the embalmers art." In 1993, he won the National Book Award for Nonfiction for the collection United States: Essays 1952–1992 According to the citation, "Whatever his subject, he addresses it with an artists resonant appreciation, a scholars conscience and the persuasive powers of a great essayist."needed
A subsequent collection of essays, published in 2000, is The Last Empire. He subsequently published such self-described "pamphlets" as Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta, and Imperial America, critiques of American expansionism, the military-industrial complex, the national security state and the George W. Bush administration. Vidal also wrote an historical essay about the U.S.s founding fathers, Inventing a Nation. In 1995, he published a memoir Palimpsest, and in 2006 its follow-up volume, Point to Point Navigation. Earlier that year, Vidal also published Clouds and Eclipses: The Collected Short Stories.
Because of his matter-of-fact treatment of same-sex relations in such books as The City and The Pillar, Vidal is often seen as an early champion of sexual liberation. In the September 1969 edition of Esquire, for example, Vidal wrote:
We are all bisexual to begin with. That is a fact of our condition. And we are all responsive to sexual stimuli from our own as well as from the opposite sex. Certain societies at certain times, usually in the interest of maintaining the baby supply, have discouraged homosexuality. Other societies, particularly militaristic ones, have exalted it. But regardless of tribal taboos, homosexuality is a constant fact of the human condition and it is not a sickness, not a sin, not a crime ... despite the best efforts of our puritan tribe to make it all three. Homosexuality is as natural as heterosexuality. Notice I use the word natural, not normal.
In 2005, Jay Parini was appointed as Vidals literary executor.
In 2009, he won the annual Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation, which called him a "prominent social critic on politics, history, literature and culture".
Acting and popular culture
In the 1960s, Vidal moved to Italy; he gave a cameo appearance in Federico Fellinis film Roma. In 1992, Vidal appeared in the film Bob Roberts (starring Tim Robbins) and appeared in other films, notably Gattaca, With Honors, and Igby Goes Down, which was directed by his nephew Burr Steers. In 2005 he appeared as himself in artist Francesco Vezzolis "Trailer for the Remake of Gore Vidals Caligula" piece of video art which was included in the 2005 Venice Biennale and is in the permanent collection of the Guggenheim Museum. Vidal voiced himself on both The Simpsons and Family Guy and appeared on the Da Ali G Show, where Ali G mistakes him for Vidal Sassoon. He provided the narrative for the Royal National Theatres production of Brechts Mother Courage in the autumn of 2009.
Vidal was portrayed as a child in Amelia (2009) by Canadian actor William Cuddy, and as a young adult in Infamous (2006), the story of Truman Capote, by American actor Michael Panes.
Comedian Robin Williams depicted him as a drunk trying to push Thunderbird wine in a commercial on his first stand-up album, Reality...What a Concept. The weekly American sketch comedy television program; Rowan & Martins Laugh-in did a recurring theme covertly featuring his personality by Lily Tomlin as Ernestine the Telephone Operator, such as one titled: "Mr. Veedul, this is the Phone Company calling! (snort! snort!)" (but other citations are spelled as; "Veedle"). This skit theme was also recorded other places such as Lily Tomlins album; "This Is A Recording" titled "Mr. Veedle" by Rhapsody records.
Political views and activities
Besides his politician grandfather, Vidal had other connections with the Democratic Party: his mother, Nina, married Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jr., who later was stepfather of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. Gore Vidal is a fifth cousin of Jimmy Carter.needed Vidal also may have been a distant cousin of Al Gore.
As a political activist, in 1960, Gore Vidal was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress, losing an election in New Yorks 29th congressional district, a traditionally Republican district on the Hudson River, encompassing all of Columbia, Dutchess, Greene, Schoharie, and Ulster Counties to J. Ernest Wharton, by a margin of 57% to 43%. Campaigning with a slogan of "Youll get more with Gore", he received the most votes any Democrat in 50 years received in that district. Among his supporters were Eleanor Roosevelt, Paul Newman, and Joanne Woodward; the latter two, longtime friends of Vidals, campaigned for him and spoke on his behalf.
On the December 15, 1971 taping of The Dick Cavett Show, with Janet Flanner, Norman Mailer allegedly head-butted Vidal during an altercation prior to their appearance on the show. Asked by a journalist what comment he had about Mailers head-butting him backstage, Gore dead-panned, "Once again, words failed Norman Mailer." During the taping of the show, there was a legendary on-camera feud between Vidal and Mailer over what Vidal had written about the latter, prompting Mailer to say: "Ive had to smell your works from time to time." Mailer was apparently irate at Gores concealed reference to an incident where Mailer had stabbed his wife.
From 1970 to 1972, Vidal was one of the chairmen of the Peoples Party. In 1971, he wrote an article in Esquire advocating consumer advocate Ralph Nader for president in the 1972 election.
In 1982 he campaigned against incumbent Governor Jerry Brown for the Democratic primary election to the United States Senate from California. This was documented in the film Gore Vidal: The Man Who Said No directed by Gary Conklin. Vidal lost to Brown in the primary election.
Frequently identified with Democratic causes and personalities, Vidal wrote in the 1970s:
There is only one party in the United States, the Property Party ... and it has two right wings: Republican and Democrat. Republicans are a bit stupider, more rigid, more doctrinaire in their laissez-faire capitalism than the Democrats, who are cuter, prettier, a bit more corrupt — until recently ... and more willing than the Republicans to make small adjustments when the poor, the black, the anti-imperialists get out of hand. But, essentially, there is no difference between the two parties.
Despite this, Vidal said "I think of myself as a conservative." Vidal had a protective, almost proprietary attitude toward his native land and its politics: "My family helped start country", he wrote, "and weve been in political life ... since the 1690s, and I have a very possessive sense about this country." At a 1999 lecture in Dublin, Vidal said:
A characteristic of our present chaos is the dramatic migration of tribes. They are on the move from east to west, from south to north. Liberal tradition requires that borders must always be open to those in search of safety or even the pursuit of happiness. But now with so many millions of people on the move, even the great-hearted are becoming edgy. Norway is large enough and empty enough to take in 40 to 50 million homeless Bengalis. If the Norwegians say that, all in all, they would rather not take them in, is this to be considered racism? I think not. It is simply self-preservation, the first law of species.”
He suggested that President Roosevelt deliberately provoked the Japanese to attack the U.S. at Pearl Harbor to facilitate American entry to the war, and believes FDR had advance knowledge of the attack. During an interview in the 2005 documentary Why We Fight, Vidal asserts that during the final months of World War II, the Japanese had tried to surrender to the United States, to no avail. He said, "They were trying to surrender all that summer, but Truman wouldnt listen, because Truman wanted to drop the bombs." When the interviewer asked why, Vidal replied, "To show off. To frighten Stalin. To change the balance of power in the world. To declare war on communism. Perhaps we were starting a pre-emptive world war."
During domestic terrorist Timothy McVeighs imprisonment, Vidal corresponded with McVeigh and concluded that he bombed the federal building as retribution for the FBIs role in the 1993 Branch Davidian Compound massacre near Waco in Elk, Texas.
Vidal was a member of the advisory board of The World Cant Wait, a left-wing organization seeking to repudiate the Bush administrations program, and advocated the impeachment of George W. Bush for war crimes.
Gore Vidal and former U.S. Senator George McGovern at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, August 26, 2009
In 1997, Vidal was one of 34 celebrities to sign an open letter to then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune, which protested the treatment of Scientologists in Germany. Despite this, Vidal was fundamentally critical of scientology.
Vidal contributed an article to The Nation in which he expressed support for Democratic Presidential candidate Dennis Kucinich, citing him as "the most eloquent of the lot" and that Kucinich "is very much a favorite out there in the amber fields of grain".
In April 2009, Vidal accepted appointment to the position of honorary president of the American Humanist Association, succeeding Kurt Vonnegut.
On September 30, 2009, The Times of London published a lengthy interview with him headlined "We’ll have a dictatorship soon in the US — The grand old man of letters Gore Vidal claims America is ‘rotting away’ — and don’t expect Barack Obama to save it", which brings up-to-date his views on his own life, and a variety of political subjects.
Vidal versus Buckley
In 1968, ABC News invited Vidal and William F. Buckley, Jr. to be political analysts of the Republican and Democratic presidential conventions. Verbal and nearly physical combat ensued. After days of mutual bickering, their debates degraded to vitriolic, ad hominem attacks. During discussions of the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests, the men were arguing about freedom of speech with regard to American protesters displaying a Viet Cong flag when Vidal told Buckley to "shut up a minute" and, in response to Buckleys reference to "pro-Nazi" protesters, went on to say: "As far as Im concerned, the only sort of pro-crypto-Nazi I can think of is yourself." The visibly livid Buckley replied, "Now listen, you queer. Stop calling me a crypto-Nazi, or Ill sock you in the goddamn face and youll stay plastered." After an interruption by anchor and facilitator Howard K. Smith, the men continued to discuss the topic in a less hostile manner. Buckley later expressed regret for having called Vidal a "queer," but nonetheless described Vidal as an "evangelist for bisexuality."
Later, in 1969, the feud was continued as Buckley further attacked Vidal in the lengthy essay, "On Experiencing Gore Vidal", published in the August 1969 issue of Esquire. The essay is collected in The Governor Listeth, an anthology of Buckleys writings of the time. In a key passage attacking Vidal as an apologist for homosexuality, Buckley wrote, "The man who in his essays proclaims the normalcy of his affliction homosexuality, and in his art the desirability of it, is not to be confused with the man who bears his sorrow quietly. The addict is to be pitied and even respected, not the pusher."
Vidal responded in the September 1969 issue of Esquire, variously characterizing Buckley as "anti-black", "anti-semitic", and a "warmonger". The presiding judge in Buckleys subsequent libel suit against Vidal initially concluded that "he court must conclude that Vidals comments in these paragraphs meet the minimal standard of fair comment. The inferences made by Vidal from Buckleys editorial statements cannot be said to be completely unreasonable."needed However, Vidal also strongly implied that, in 1944, Buckley and unnamed siblings had vandalized a Protestant church in their Sharon, Connecticut, hometown after the pastors wife had sold a house to a Jewish family. Buckley sued Vidal and Esquire for libel. Vidal counter-claimed for libel against Buckley, citing Buckleys characterization of Vidals novel Myra Breckinridge as pornography.needed
The court dismissed Vidals counter-claim. Buckley settled for $115,000 in attorneys fees and an editorial statement from Esquire magazine that they were "utterly convinced" of the untruthfulness of Vidals assertion. However, in a letter to Newsweek, the Esquire publisher stated that "the settlement of Buckleys suit against us" was not "a disavowal of Vidals article. On the contrary, it clearly states that we published that article because we believed that Vidal had a right to assert his opinions, even though we did not share them."
As Vidals biographer, Fred Kaplan, later commented, "The court had not sustained Buckleys case against Esquire ... he court had not ruled that Vidals article was defamatory. It had ruled that the case would have to go to trial in order to determine as a matter of fact whether or not it was defamatory. original. The cash value of the settlement with Esquire represented only Buckleys legal expenses damages based on libel ... " Ultimately, Vidal bore the cost of his own attorneys fees.
In 2003, this affair re-surfaced when Esquire published Esquires Big Book of Great Writing, an anthology that included Vidals essay. Buckley again sued for libel, and Esquire again settled for $55,000 in attorneys fees and $10,000 in personal damages to Buckley.needed
After Buckleys death on February 27, 2008, Vidal summed up his impressions of his rival with the following obituary on March 20, 2008: "RIP WFB — in hell." In a June 15, 2008, interview with the New York Times, Vidal was asked by Deborah Solomon, "How did you feel when you heard that Buckley died this year?" Vidal responded:
I thought hell is bound to be a livelier place, as he joins forever those whom he served in life, applauding their prejudices and fanning their hatred.
Criticism of the George W. Bush administration
Vidal was strongly critical of the George W. Bush administration, once describing Bush as "the stupidest man in the United States" and listing his administration as one of those he considered to have either an explicit or implicit expansionist agenda. He also subscribed to the view that for several years the Bush administration and their associates aimed to control the petroleum of Central Asia (after gaining effective control of the petroleum of the Persian Gulf in 1991).
In May 2007, discussing the many conspiracy theories surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, Vidal said:
Im not a conspiracy theorist, Im a conspiracy analyst. Everything the Bushites touch is screwed up. They could never have pulled off 9/11, even if they wanted to. Even if they longed to. They could step aside, though, or just go out to lunch while these terrible things were happening to the nation. I believe that of them.
Personal life
A photo of Vidal by Carl Van Vechten
Vidal had affairs with both men and women. The novelist Anaïs Nin claimed an involvement with Vidal in her memoir The Diary of Anaïs Nin but Vidal denied it in his memoir Palimpsest. Vidal also discussed having dalliances with people such as actress Diana Lynn, and alluded to the possibility that he may have a daughter. He was briefly engaged to Joanne Woodward, before she married Paul Newman; after eloping, the couple shared a house with Vidal in Los Angeles for a short time. In 1950, he met his long-term partner Howard Austen. Vidal once reported that the secret to his lengthy relationship with Austen was that they did not have sex with each other: "Its easy to sustain a relationship when sex plays no part & impossible, I have observed, when it does."
According to literary critic Harold Bloom, Vidal believed his homosexuality had denied him the full recognition of the literary community. Bloom, meanwhile, claimed this had more to do with Vidals association with the unfashionable genre of historical fiction.
Vidal was an atheist, and in 2009 was named honorary president of the American Humanist Association.
During the latter part of the twentieth century Vidal divided his time between Italy and California. In 2003, he sold his 5,000-square-foot (460 m²) Italian Villa, La Rondinaia (The Swallows Nest) on the Amalfi Coast, and moved to Los Angeles. Austen died in November 2003 and, in February 2005, was buried in a plot for himself and Vidal at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
Vidal died at his home in Hollywood Hills, California, at about 6:45 p.m. PDT July 31, 2012, of complications from pneumonia. He was 86.
Legacy
After Vidals death tributes immediately poured in from various media sources. The New York Times described him in his obituary as being in his old age "an Augustan figure who believed himself to be the last of a breed, and he was probably right. Few American writers have been more versatile or gotten more mileage from their talent." The Los Angeles Times described him as a "literary juggernaut" whose novels and essays were considered "among the most elegant in the English language". The Washington Post remembered him as a "major writer of the modern era" and an "astonishingly versatile man of letters".
UKs The Guardian said "Vidals critics disparaged his tendency to formulate an aphorism rather than to argue, finding in his work an underlying note of contempt for those who did not agree with him. His fans, on the other hand, delighted in his unflagging wit and elegant style." The Daily Telegraph described him as "an icy iconoclast" who "delighted in chronicling what he perceived as the disintegration of civilisation around him", while BBC News said he was "one of the finest post-war American writers... an indefatigable critic of the whole American system. Writing in Los Angeles, BBC journalist Alastair Leithead said: "Gore Vidal saw himself as the last of the breed of literary figures who became celebrities in their own right. Never a stranger to chat shows, his wry and witty opinions were sought after as much as his writing."
Popular Spanish publication Ideal reported Vidals death as a loss to the "culture of the United States" and described him as a "Huge American novelist and essayist". The Italian Il Corriere described him as "the enfant terrible of American culture" and said that he was "one of the giants of American literature". French paper Le Figaro described him as "the Killjoy of America" but also said that he was an "outstanding polemicist" who used phrases "like high precision weapons."
Following his death, despite generally positive appraisals by many, Vidal has been criticized by at least one commentator as "racist and elitist" and as "forever mourning the decline of his era of aristocratic privilege".
Bibliography
Essays and non-fiction
Rocking the Boat (1963)
Reflections Upon a Sinking Ship (1969)
Sex, Death and Money (1969) (paperback compilation)
Homage to Daniel Shays (1972)
Matters of Fact and of Fiction (1977)
Views from a Window Co-Editor (1981)
The Second American Revolution (1983)
Vidal In Venice (1985) ISBN 0-671-60691-3
Armageddon? (1987) (UK only)
At Home (1988)
A View From The Diners Club (1991) (UK only)
Screening History (1992) ISBN 0-233-98803-3
Decline and Fall of the American Empire (1992) ISBN 1-878825-00-3
United States: Essays 1952–1992 (1993) ISBN 0-7679-0806-6 — National Book Award
Palimpsest: a memoir (1995) ISBN 0-679-44038-0
Virgin Islands (1997) (UK only)
The American Presidency (1998) ISBN 1-878825-15-1
Sexually Speaking: Collected Sex Writings (1999)
The Last Empire: essays 1992–2000 (2001) ISBN 0-375-72639-X (there is also a much shorter UK edition)
Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace or How We Came To Be So Hated, Thunders Mouth Press, 2002, (2002) ISBN 1-56025-405-X
Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta, Thunders Mouth Press, (2002) ISBN 1-56025-502-1
Inventing a Nation: Washington, Adams, Jefferson (2003) ISBN 0-300-10171-6
Imperial America: Reflections on the United St
gore vidal
جور فيدال
ویدال یکی از جنجالیترین نویسندگان معاصر است. او را وجدان بیدار جامعه آمریکا خوانده اند. مهمترین شاهکار حماسی او، رمان آفرینش است. او در فیلم گاتاکا نیز نقش آفرینی نمودهاست.
محتویات
کتابشناسی
رمان
گور ویدال
ویلی وا
جنگل زرد
شهر و ستون
فصل آسایش
در جستجوی شاه
سبز تیره و سرخ روشن
داوری پاریس
مسیح
کتاب یولیانوس (برگردان به وسیله فریدون مجلسی، در دو جلد به نامهای میترا و صلیب و ایران سرزمین مقدس و همچنین به نام ستیز خدایان توسط دکتر کوشیار کریمی)
کتاب در قالب خاطرات یولیانوس (جولیان) نوشته شده که یکی از امپراتوران بیزانس (بیزانتیوم) یا روم شرقی بودهاست. موضوع آن را کشمکش نهایی میان مهرپرستی و مسیحیت در دوران یولیانوس و سرانجام لشکرکشی یولیانوس (جولیان یا ژولیانوس) به ایران و شکست و قتل او به وسیله شاپور دوم ساسانی تشکیل میدهد.
ادگار باکس
شیطان تشنه و دیگر ذاستان های او
دو خواهر، (ترجمه فارسی به نام هلنا توسط فریدون مجلسی، ۱۳۷۷؛
کتابهای کالکی، ترجمه فریدون مجلسی، نشر البرز، ۱۳۷۶
آرون بِر (کتاب نخست از تریلوژی تاریخ آمریکا)، ترجمه فریدون مجلسی، نشر البرز ۱۳۷۸،
رمان آفرینش
این کتاب دربارهٔ کوروش سپیدمه، سیاستمدار دوران هخامنشی است. کورش اسپیتام در قرن پنجم پیش از میلاد به کشورهایی با مذاهب و حکومتهای گوناگون سفر کرد و در این سفر، نمادهای انسانی مانند زرتشت، بودا، لاو سو و غیره را ملاقات کرده بود.
نمایشنامه
دیدار از یک سیاره کوچک
بهترین مرد
مقاله و غیر داستانی
قایق لرزان
بازتاب کشتی غرق شده
در واشنگتن دی سی
منابع
↑ www.euronews.com
در ویکیانبار پروندههایی دربارهٔ گور ویدال موجود است.
حزب سوسیال دمکرات ایران - فرهنگ وهنر
مصاحبه اختصاصی گور ویدال نویسنده آمریکایی با علیرضا میبدی و حسام
گور ویدال - Soreie Mehr - Magazines
ردهها: زادگان ۱۹۲۵ (میلادی)درگذشتگان ۲۰۱۲ (میلادی)اهالی لسآنجلس برندگان جایزه ادگار خاطرهنویسان اهل آمریکادرگذشتگان به علت سینهپهلو دگرباشان جنسی اهل آمریکا رماننویسان اهل آمریکا سربازان ارتش ایالات متحده فعالان سیاسی اهل آمریکافیلمنامهنویسان اهل آمریکامقالهنویسان اهل آمریکا نمایشنامهنویسان اهل آمریکا نویسندگان اهل آمریکا نویسندگان اهل ایالت نیویورک نویسندگان پستمدرن نویسندگان دگرباش جنسی نویسندگان سیاسی اهل آمریکا نظامیان ایالات متحده در جنگ جهانی دوم
قس عربی
یوجین لوثر غور فیدال (بالإنجلیزیة: Eugene Luther Gore Vidal) (ولد 3 أکتوبر 1925 - توفی 31 یولیو، 2012). کان کاتب مقالة، وروایة، وسیناریو، ومسرحیات أمیرکی. ذو نسب سیاسی فجده کان عضو مجلس الشیوخ الأمریکی توماس غور، له صلات عائلیة (عن طریق الزواج) بجاکلین کنیدی.
ترشح فیدال لمناصب سیاسیة مرتین وکان ناقدا سیاسیا لفترة طویلة. کان مؤیدا للحزب الدیمقراطی کما عرف من مقالاته وروایاته، وکتب فیدال لمجلة ذی ناشین، وفی مجلة نیویورکر، وفانیتی فیر، ونیویورک ریفیو أوف بوکس. انتقد فیدال لفترة طویلة سیاسة أمریکا الخارجیة من خلال مقالاته وظهوره الإعلامی. بالإضافة إلى هذا، وصف الولایات المتحدة منذ الثمانینات بأنها امبراطوریة تتدهور. وعرف بمشاحنات له مع شخصیات مثل نورمان میلر، ویلیام إف باکلی جونیور، وترومان کابوت.
صنفت روایات فیدال ضمن الروایات الاجتماعیة والتاریخیة. وکان أفضل روایاته الاجتماعیة المعروفة روایة میرا برکنریدج التی تحولت إلى فیلم سینمائی لاحقا بنفس إسم الروایة؛ أما روایاته التاریخیة المعروفة شملت روایة جولیان، وروایة بر وروایة لینکولن. اثارت روایته الثالثة المدینة والعامود (1948) غضب النقاد المحافظین باعتبارها واحدة من أولى الروایات الأمیرکیة التی تتحدث عن الشذوذ الجنسی. رفض فیدال دائما وصف "مثلی الجنس" و "الجنس الآخر" واعتبره وصف باطل، مدعیا أن الغالبیة العظمى من الأفراد من المحتمل أن یکونو من عدیمی الجنس. أشهر أعماله فی کتابة السیناریو لفیلم الدراما التاریخیة الملحمیة بن هور (1959) الحائز على العدید من الجوائز.
فی وقت وفاته کان آخر الکتاب الأمریکیین من جیله من الذین خدموا خلال الحرب العالمیة الثانیة، بما فی ذلک جیروم سالینغر، کورت فونیجت، نورمان میلر، وجوزیف هیلر.
مصادر
↑ أ ب فیدال, غور, "West Point and the Third Loyalty", نیویورک ریفیو أوف بوکس, الإصدار 20, العدد 16, أکتوبر 18, 1973.
تصنیفات: روائیون أمریکیونکتاب مقالات أمریکیونکتاب سیاسیون أمریکیونکتاب سیناریو أمریکیونأعلام من لوس أنجلیس، کالفورنیاکتاب ومؤلفون أمریکیونموالید 1925وفیات 2012وفیات بسبب الالتهاب الرئویکتاب ومؤلفون إل جی بی تیعسکریون أمریکیون فی الحرب العالمیة الثانیة
قس ترکی آذری
Yucin Loter Qor Vidal(3 oktyabr 1925 - 31 iyul 2012)- Amerikalı yazıçı, ssenarist, romançı, oçerkist, jurnalist, dramaturq və siyasi aktivist.O, esselər, romanlar, ekran pyesləri və Broadway pyesləri üçün tanınmış idi.Vidal görkəmli bir siyasi soyundan gəlirdi; babası senator Tomas Qor idi,və daha sonra Jaklin Kennedi ilə (evlilik yolu ilə) qohum oldu.
Bioqrafiyası
Vidal,Yucin Luis Vidal adıyla,Yucin Luter Vidal (1895-1969) və Nina Qorun (1903-1978) yalnız uşağı olaraq Vest Poynt, Nyu-Yorkda anadan olmuşdur.
İstinadlar
↑ Telegraph obituary
↑ Vidal, Gore, "West Point and the Third Loyalty", The New York Review of Books, Volume 20, Number 16, October 18, 1973.
Xarici keçidlər
Qor Vidalın rəsmi vebsaytı
Vikimedia Kommonsda Qor Vidal ilə əlaqədar müxtəlif fayllar var.
Kateqoriyalar: 3 oktyabrda doğulanlar1925-ci ildə doğulanlar31 iyulda vəfat edənlər2012-ci ildə vəfat edənlərƏlifba sırasına görə yazıçı və şairlər
قس ترکی استانبولی
Eugene Luther Gore Vidal (d. 3 Ekim 1925 — ö. 31 Temmuz 2012), ABDli romancı, oyun yazarı, deneme yazarı, senarist ve siyasi aktivist.
Eşcinselliği açıkça konu eden ilk büyük Amerikan romanlarından biri olaran Kent ve Tuz (The City and the Pillar, 1948) adlı üçüncü romanıyla anaakım eleştirmenlerin tepkisini toplamıştır.
Konu başlıkları
Eserleri
Deneme ve düzyazı
Rocking the Boat (1963)
Reflections Upon a Sinking Ship (1969)
Sex, Death and Money (1969)
Homage to Daniel Shays (1972)
Matters of Fact and of Fiction (1977)
Views from a Window (1981)
The Second American Revolution (1983)
Vidal In Venice (1985)
Armageddon? (1987)
At Home (1988)
A View From The Diners Club (1991)
Screening History (1992)
Decline and Fall of the American Empire (1992)
United States: Essays 1952–1992 (1993) — Ulusal Kitap Ödülü
Palimpsest: a memoir (1995)
Virgin Islands (1997)
The American Presidency (1998)
Sexually Speaking: Collected Sex Writings (1999)
The Last Empire: essays 1992–2000 (2001)
Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace or How We Came To Be So Hated (2002)
Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta (2002)
Inventing a Nation: Washington, Adams, Jefferson (2003)
Imperial America: Reflections on the United States of Amnesia (2004)
Point to Point Navigation: A Memoir (2006)
The Selected Essays of Gore Vidal (2008)
Gore Vidal: Snapshots in Historys Glare (2009)
Oyun
Visit to a Small Planet (1957)
The Best Man (1960)
On the March to the Sea (1960–1961, 2004)
Romulus (uyarlama) (1962)
Weekend (1968)
Drawing Room Comedy (1970)
An Evening with Richard Nixon (1970)
On the March to the Sea (2005)
Roman ve öykü
Williwaw (1946)
In a Yellow Wood (1947)
The City and the Pillar (1948) (Kent ve Tuz, Helikopter Yayınları, 2010; Altıkırkbeş Yayınları, 1998)
The Season of Comfort (1949)
A Search for the King (1950)
Dark Green, Bright Red (1950)
The Judgment of Paris (1952)
Messiah (1954)
A Thirsty Evil (1956) (öyküler)
Julian (1964) (İmparator Julian, Bakış Yayınları, 2000)
Washington, D.C. (1967)
Myra Breckinridge (1968)
Two Sisters (1970)
Burr (1973) (Düello, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2005)
Myron (1974)
1876 (1976) (1876, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2009)
Kalki (1978)
Creation (1981) (Yaratılış, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2009; Ben Cyrus, Zerdüştün Torunu, Kaknüs Yayınları, 1999)
Duluth (1983)
Lincoln (1984) (Lincoln, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2007)
Empire (1987) (İmparatorluk, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2011)
Hollywood (1990)
Live from Golgotha: The Gospel according to Gore Vidal (1992) (Golgotadan Canlı Yayın: Yeniden Yazılan İncil, Literatür Yayıncılık, 2005)
The Smithsonian Institution (1998)
The Golden Age (2000)
Clouds and Eclipses (2006) (öyküler)
Senaryo
Climax!: Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (1954) (TV uyarlaması)
The Catered Affair (1956)
I Accuse! (1958)
The Scapegoat (1959)
Ben Hur (1959) (adı geçmiyor)
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)
The Best Man (1964)
Is Paris Burning? (1966)
Last of the Mobile Hot Shots(1970)
Caligula (1979)
Dress Gray (1986)
The Sicilian (1987) (adı geçmiyor)
Billy the Kid (1989)
Dimenticare Palermo (1989)
Mahlas altında eserleri
A Stars Progress (ya da Cry Shame!) (1950) - Katherine Everard mahlasıyla
Thieves Fall Out (1953) - Cameron Kay mahlasıyla
Death Before Bedtime (1953) - Edgar Box mahlasıyla
Death in the Fifth Position (1952) - Edgar Box mahlasıyla
Death Likes It Hot (1954) - Edgar Box mahlasıyla
Wikimedia Commonsta
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قس عبری
יוגין לותר גור וידאל (באנגלית: Eugene Luther Gore Vidal; 3 באוקטובר 1925 - 31 ביולי 2012) היה סופר שכתב 22 ספרים, חמישה מחזות, תסריטים וסיפורים קצרים רבים, יותר ממאתיים מאמרים וזיכרון דברים. שניים מספרי סדרת אמריקה האימפריאלית שלו, "לינקולן" ו- "1876", היו נושאים לכתבות ראשיות ב"טיים" וב"ניוזוויק", בהתאמה. ב-1993 זכה קובץ ביקורות שכתב, "ארצות הברית: מאמרים 1952-1992", בפרס הספר הלאומי. הוא זכה בפרס מטעם פסטיבל הסרטים בקאן לתסריט הטוב ביותר עבור "הטוב מכולם". וידאל התגורר לסירוגין ברוואלו שבדרום איטליה (סמוך למפרץ נפולי), ובלוס אנגלס, ארצות הברית.
תוכן עניינים
חייו
וידאל נולד בווסט-פוינט, ניו יורק, באקדמיה הצבאית של ארצות הברית, שם שימש אביו, יוגין וידאל, כמדריך אווירונאוטיקה. מאוחר יותר אימץ וידאל כשמו הפרטי את שם משפחתו של סבו מצד אמו.
הוא גדל בוושינגטון הבירה, ולמד בבית הספר סנט אלבנס. סבו, תומאס גור, שהיה סנאטור דמוקרטי מאוקלהומה, היה עיוור, ווידאל הצעיר נהג להקריא לו בקול ולשמש לעתים קרובות כמכוון שלו, ובכך היה נגיש עוד מילדותו, שלא כשאר הילדים, אל נפתולי הפוליטיקה האמריקאית. הבדלנות בה דגל הסנטור גור הייתה אחת מאמונות היסוד של משנתו הפוליטית של וידאל, שהייתה תמיד ביקורתית באשר למה שהוא כינה "האימפריאליזם האמריקני".
בשנת 1943, לאחר סיום לימודיו באקדמיית פיליפס אקסטר, הצטרף וידאל ליחידת המילואים של צבא ארצות הברית. במשך חלק גדול משנות המאה ה-20 המאוחרות הוא התגורר לסירוגין בראוולו שבאיטליה שליד החוף של אמלפי, ובלוס אנגלס שבקליפורניה. בשנת 2003 מכר את ביתו שבראוולו ומאז בילה את עיקר זמנו בלוס אנגלס. בנובמבר 2003 נפטר הווארד אוסטן, בן זוגו של וידאל. בפברואר 2005 קבר וידאל את עצמותיו של בן זוגו בחלקת קבר השמורה לשניהם בבית קברות בוושינגטון הבירה. מערכת יחסים ארוכה ומוצלחת זו הייתה, כעדות וידאל עצמו (גם בשידור וגם בכתביו האוטוביוגרפיים), נטולת מין בשנותיה האחרונות. הוא סיפר אף כי לפחות פעמיים קיים יחסים מיניים עם נשים. בכל מקרה, היה מיודד עם נשים לרוב, שהוקסמו מחריפותו ואישיותו.
וידאל הוא חבר כבוד של האגודה החילונית הלאומית של ארצות הברית.
נפטר ב-31 ביולי 2012.
קריירת כתיבה
גור וידאל (1948). צילם: קארל ואן וכטן
בגיל 21 פרסם וידאל את הספר הראשון שלו "וויליוואו", המבוסס על חוויותיו הצבאיות משירותו ביחידת החוף האלסקי. מספר שנים אחר-כך, ספרו "העיר ועמוד התווך", שעסק באופן גלוי בנושאים הומוסקסואלים גרם לסערה עד כדי כך, שהעיתון "ניו יורק טיימס" סירב לכתוב ביקורת על ספרים מאוחרים יותר של וידאל. כתוצאה מכך, חלה ירידה במכירות הספרים שלו, ווידאל כתב תסריטים למחזות, לסרטים ולסדרות טלוויזיה. שניים ממחזותיו, "הטוב מכולם" ו-"ביקור בכוכב קטן", היו ללהיטים בבימות ברודוויי ואף הפכו לסרטים מצליחים.
בתחילת שנות החמישים כתב שלושה ספרי מיסתורין תחת שם העט אדגר בוקס. הדמות הראשית בספרים אלו הייתה בלש בשם פיטר סרגנט (במשמעות כפולה, היות ש"סרגנט" משמש גם כדרגה במשטרה). וידאל נשכר כתסריטאי בחברת הסרטים MGM בשנת 1956. בשנת 1959, הבמאי ויליאם ויילר נזקק לתיקונים בתסריט של "בן חור", שנכתב על ידי קארל טונברג. וידאל הסכים לעבוד עם המחזאי כריסטופר פריי על שיפוץ התסריט, בתנאי ש-MGM ישחררו אותו שנתיים קודם לסיום חוזהו עימם. מותו של המפיק, סאם זימבליסט, לא אפשר מתן הקרדיט לווידאל על התסריט. אגודת התסריטאים החליטה שטונברג יקבל את הקרדיט המלא על התסריט, ללא מתן קרדיט לווידאל ולפריי.
בשנות ה-60 כתב וידאל 3 רומנים מצליחים ביותר. לכתיבת הספר "גוליאן" (1964), שעסק בקיסר הרומי הכופר יוליאנוס (361-33 לספירה), ערך וידאל תחקיר יסודי ומעמיק. הספר "וושינגטון די.סי" (1967) התמקד במשפחה פוליטית בתקופת נשיאותו של פרנקלין דלאנו רוזוולט (1933-1945). הרומן השלישי שלו, "מיירה ברקינגרידג", היה סאטירי באופן מפתיע (1968).
לאחר שני מחזות כושלים ("סופשבוע" (1968) ו-"ערב עם ריצרד ניקסון" (1972) והרומן החצי-אוטוביוגרפי "שתי אחיות" (1970), התמקד וידאל בעיקר במסות ושני סוגי הרומאנים שלו: רומאנים היסטוריים העוסקים בהיסטוריה האמריקנית כמו "באר" (ארון בר, פוליטיקאי אמריקאי מהמאה ה- 18) משנת 1976, "1876" (נכתב ב- 1976), "לינקולן" (1984), "אימפריה" (1987), "הוליווד" (1989), "תור הזהב" (2000) וגיחה נוספת לעידן העתיק בספר "בריאה" (1981); וכן רומנים סאטיריים מצחיקים ולעתים חסרי רחמים כמו "מיירון" (משנת 1975, המשך ל-"מיירה ברקינגרידג", "קאלקי" (1978), "דולות" (1983), "בשידור חי מגולגותה" (1992) וכן "מוסד הסמיתסוניאן".
וידאל חזר לכתוב מדי פעם עבור הקולנוע והטלוויזיה, כמו סרט הטלוויזיה "בילי הנער", בכיכובו של ואל קילמר וה-מיני סידרה "לינקולן". כמו כן, הוא כתב את התסריט המקורי לסרט השנוי במחלוקת "קאליגולה", אך לאחר מכן הוסר שמו מרשימת הכותבים לאחר שהבמאי טינטו בראס והשחקן הראשי מלקולם מקדואל שכתבו את התסריט מחדש, ובכך שינו לגמרי את התסריט המקורי.
אולי בניגוד לשאיפותיו-שלו, וידאל מוערך יותר כמסאי מאשר ככותב רומנים. הוא כותב בעיקר על נושאים פוליטיים, היסטוריים וסיפרותיים. הוא זכה בפרס הלאומי ב-1993 עבור "ארצות הברית" (1952-1992). אוסף נוסף שיצא בשנת 2000 הוא "האימפריה האחרונה". מאז פרסם "עלונים" אשר ביקרו בחריפות את המדיניות של הנשיא גורג בוש הבן. כמו כן פרסם גם את המאמר על האבות המייסדים של ארצות הברית, "להמציא אומה". כמו כן, הוציא לאור את האוטוביוגרפיה "קלף" בשנת 1995, ועל פי דיווחים מן העת האחרונה, הוא שקד בימים אלו על ספר המשך.
בשנת 1987 כתב סדרת מאמרים בשם "ארמגדון", אשר חוקרת את העוצמה המורכבת של אמריקה העכשווית ומוקיעה ללא רחמים את נשיאותו של רונלד רייגן. לבד מסבו הפוליטיקאי, היו לווידאל קשרים נוספים אל המפלגה הדמוקרטית: אימו נינה נישאה ליו אוכינקלוס הבן, שהיה מאוחר יותר לאביה החורג של זקלין קנדי (אלמנת הנשיא גון קנדי). וידאל הוא בן דודו מדרגה חמישית של גימי קרטר (נשיא ארצות הברית בשנים 1977-1981). כמו כן, הוא היה מועמד המפלגה הדמוקרטית לקונגרס בשנת 1960, אך הפסיד את מקומו במחוז הרפובליקני "נהר הדסון". גם בניסיונו השני בשנת 1982 הוא נכשל בבחירות, למרות גיבוי של ידוענים כמו פול ניומן וגואן וודוורד (אשתו של פול ניומן).
וידאל השתתף בסרט "בוב רוברטס", לצידו של טים רובינס, בשנת 1992, וכמו כן בסרטים נוספים, בהם "מה קרה בגטקה?", "בהצטיינות" ו-"איגבי נופל".
דעות פוליטיות שנויות במחלוקת
וידאל החשיב עצמו "רפורמטור (=מתקן) קיצוני", ותואר כמי שרוצה להחזיר את הרפובליקניות הטהורה של אמריקה המוקדמת. כתלמיד המכינה, הוא תמך בתנועה "אמריקה ראשונה". שלא כמו תומכים אחרים של תנועה זו, המשיך להחזיק באמונה, כי ארצות הברית לא הייתה צריכה להתערב במלחמת העולם השנייה (אף על פי שנדמה כי הוא מאמין שהסיוע החומרי לבעלות הברית היה נכון). כמו כן, הוא העלה את תאוריית הקשר, כי הנשיא רוזוולט דחף את היפנים לתקוף את ארצות הברית ובכך לאפשר לה להיכנס למלחמה, היות שהאמין שהיה לנשיא מידע מוקדם על ההתקפה על פרל הארבור טרם התרחשותה.
כפעיל פוליטי, היה וידאל מועמד המפלגה הדמוקרטית לקונגרס מטעם צפון מדינת ניו-יורק. הוא קיבל את מספר הקולות הרב ביותר שקיבל מועמד דמוקרטי מזה 50 שנה. משנת 1970 ועד 1972 הוא היה אחד מחברי הנהלת מפלגת העם, ובשנת 1982 היה מועמד המפלגה הדמוקרטית לסנאט מטעם מדינת קליפורניה, אך סיים במקום השני מתוך 9 מועמדים (וזכה בחצי מיליון קולות).
מעשי וידאל היו שנויים במחלוקת בעיקר בנושא יחסו לטרוריסט טימותי מקווי. השניים החליפו מכתבים כאשר מקווי היה בכלא, ווידאל האמין שהיו לו משתפי פעולה או שהוא הופלל. וידאל העלה את האפשרות שאולי ההתקפה הטרוריסטית בוצעה על ידי ה-FBI עצמו על מנת להעביר חוקים אנטי-טרוריסטיים מחמירים יותר.
דעותיו בנושא אירועי ה-11 בספטמבר
וידאל היה ממבקריו הבולטים של ממשל בוש הבן, כפי שהיה גם לגבי ממשלים הקודמים, היות שבעיניו בוש נחשב לדוגל במדיניות של התפשטות טריטוריאלית, בין אם ברורה ובין אם מרומזת. פעמים רבות העלה וידאל את הנקודה הזו בראיונות ומאמרים, ובאחד מספריו האחרונים אף כתב שהאמריקנים "נשלטים עכשיו בידי אנשי פנטגון צמאי נפט, כמו בוש, צייני, רמספלד ודומיהם". הוא טען, שבמשך מספר שנים קבוצת פוליטיקאים זו ומקורבייה מתכוונים לשלוט במקורות הנפט של מרכז אסיה (אחרי שלדעתו, הצליחו להשתלט באופן אפקטיבי על מקורות הנפט של המפרץ הפרסי בשנת 1991, בעקבות מלחמת המפרץ). בנוגע לפיגועי 11 בספטמבר, וידאל כתב כיצד התקפת טרור כזו, שהוא טוען שלמודיעין האמריקני היו ידיעות מראש עליה, הייתה תירוץ עבור הממשל למימוש התוכניות שהוכנו עוד באוגוסט 2001 לפלישה לאפגניסטן בחודש אוקטובר.
וידאל דן במחדל ההגנה של הממשל בעת האירועים של ה-11 בספטמבר, כולל העיכוב בהזנקת מטוסי תקיפה לאוויר כדי להפיל את המטוסים החטופים, וזאת לעומת מה שהיה מתבקש להתרחש לאחר הודעה על חטיפת מטוס. אם בכלל, הוא טוען, אפשר להניח שהמחדלים הגדולים הללו היו בבחינת חוסר יכולת ולא כוונה מראש.מקור
קישורים חיצוניים
מיה סלע, מת הסופר האמריקאי גור וידאל, באתר הארץ, 1 באוגוסט 2012
אורי קליין, גור וידאל: מושמץ, מלוכלך, גאון, באתר הארץ, 1 באוגוסט 2012
מיה סלע, שערוריות ומסות מבריקות: מי היה גור וידאל, באתר הארץ, 6 באוגוסט 2012
קטגוריות: סופרים אמריקאיםלהט"בים אמריקאים
قس پنجابی
گور ودال (اکتوبر 3, 1925 - جولائی 31, 2012) اک امریکی ڈرامہ تے ناول لکھاری سی۔ اوہدیاں سیانف والے چبھدے باک پڑھن والی شے نیں۔
گور ودال دے باک پنجابی سیانے بول توں
جدوں وی کسے یار نوں جت ہوندی اے میرے اندر کوئی شے مرجاندی اے۔
سڑنا امریکی جیون دا مڈ اے۔
جتنا ای کافی نئیں دوجیاں نوں ہارنا وی چائیدا اے۔
کسے دی پرائیویٹ زندگی وچ دخل سرکار دا کم نئیں۔
مذہباں نوں اوہناں لوکاں دی سیوا لئی ورتیا جاندا اے جیہڑے سوسائٹی تے راج کردے نیں ۔
ادھے امریکیاں نیں کدے اخبار نئیں پڑھیا۔ ادھیاں نے کدے صدر نوں ووٹ نئیں دتا۔- اوہناں ادھیاں نیں ؟
گٹھ: امریکی لکھاری
قس انگلیسی
Eugene Luther Gore Vidal ( /ˌɡɔr vɨˈdɑːl/;, born Eugene Louis Vidal, October 3, 1925 – July 31, 2012) was an American writer known for his essays, novels, screenplays, and Broadway plays. He was also known for his patrician manner, Transatlantic accent, and witty aphorisms. Vidal came from a distinguished political lineage; his grandfather was the U.S. Senator Thomas Gore of Oklahoma.
Vidal was a lifelong Democrat; he ran for political office twice and was a longtime political commentator. As well known for his essays as his novels, Vidal wrote for The Nation, the New Yorker, the New York Review of Books and Esquire. Through his essays and media appearances, Vidal was a longtime critic of American foreign policy. In addition to this, he characterised the United States as a decaying empire from the 1980s onwards. Additionally he was known for his well-publicized spats with such figures as Norman Mailer, William F. Buckley, Jr., and Truman Capote.
Vidals best-known novels fell into two distinct camps: social and historical. His most widely regarded social novel was Myra Breckinridge; his best known historical novels included Julian, Burr, and Lincoln. His third novel, The City and the Pillar (1948), outraged conservative critics as one of the first major American novels to feature unambiguous homosexuality. Vidal always rejected the terms of "homosexual" and "heterosexual" as inherently false, claiming that the vast majority of individuals had the potential to be pansexual. His screenwriting credits included the epic historical drama Ben-Hur (1959), into which he claimed he had written a "gay subplot." Ben-Hur won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
At the time of his death he was the last of a generation of American writers who had served during World War II, including J.D. Salinger, Kurt Vonnegut, Norman Mailer, and Joseph Heller. Perhaps best remembered for his caustic wit, he referred to himself as a "gentleman bitch" and has been described as the 20th centurys answer to Oscar Wilde.
Contents
Life and career
Early life
Vidal was born Eugene Louis Vidal in West Point, New York, the only child of Eugene Luther Vidal (1895–1969) and Nina Gore (1903–1978). The middle name, Louis, was a mistake on the part of his father, "who could not remember for certain whether his own name was Eugene Louis or Eugene Luther." As Vidal explained in his memoir Palimpsest (Deutsch, 1995), "... my birth certificate says Eugene Louis Vidal: this was changed to Eugene Luther Vidal, Jr.; then Gore was added at my christening 1939; then at fourteen I got rid of the first two names."
Vidal was born in the Cadet Hospital of the United States Military Academy (West Point), where his father, a first lieutenant, was the first aeronautics instructor. According to Conversations with Gore Vidal, the future writer was not baptised until January 1939, at age 13, by the headmaster of St. Albans, where Vidal was attending preparatory school. The ceremony took place so Vidal "could be confirmed the Episcopal faith at the Washington Cathedral in February as Eugene Luther Gore Vidal." He later stated that although Gore was added to his names at the time of the baptism, "I wasnt named for him, although he had a great influence on my life." In 1941, Vidal dropped both of his first two names, saying that he "wanted a sharp, distinctive name, appropriate for an aspiring author or national political leader. I wasnt going to write as Gene since there was already one. I didnt want to use the Jr."
Photo of Vidal by Carl Van Vechten, 1948
Vidals father served as director of the Commerce Departments Bureau of Air Commerce (1933–1937) in the Roosevelt administration, was one of the first Army Air Corps pilots and, according to biographer Susan Butler, was the great love of Amelia Earharts life. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was a co-founder of three American airlines: the Ludington Line, which merged with others and became Eastern Airlines, Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT, which became TWA), and Northeast Airlines, which he founded with Earhart, as well as the Boston and Maine Railroad. The elder Vidal was also had been a West Point football quarterback, coach, and captain and an all-American basketball player. He also participated in the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics (seventh in the decathlon; U.S. pentathlon team coach).
Vidals mother was a society figure who made her Broadway debut as an extra in Sign of the Leopard in 1928. She married Eugene Luther Vidal, Sr. in 1922 and divorced him in 1935. Two more marriages followed (one to Hugh D. Auchincloss, later the stepfather of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis), and, according to her son, she had "a long off-and-on affair" with actor Clark Gable. As Nina Auchincloss, she was an alternate delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention.
Vidal had four half-siblings from his parents later marriages (Vance Vidal, Valerie Vidal, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss) and four stepbrothers from his mothers third marriage to Army Air Forces Major General Robert Olds, who died in 1943, ten months after marrying Vidals mother. Vidals nephews include the brothers Burr Steers, writer and film director, and painter Hugh Auchincloss Steers (1963–1995).
Vidal was raised in Washington, D.C., where he attended Sidwell Friends School and then St. Albans School. Since Senator Gore was blind, his grandson read aloud to him and was often his guide. The senators isolationism contributed a major principle of his grandsons political philosophy, which is critical of foreign and domestic policies shaped by American imperialism. Gore attended St. Albans in 1939, but left to study in France. He returned following the outbreak of World War II and studied at the Los Alamos Ranch School in 1940, later transferring to Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. Roy Hattersley writes, "for reasons he never explained, he did not go on to Harvard, Yale or Princeton with other members of his social class." Instead, Vidal enlisted in the US Navy, serving as a warrant officer, mostly in the North Pacific. After three years, he contracted hypothermia, developed rheumatoid arthritis and became a mess officer.
Writing career
Fiction
Vidal, whom a Newsweek critic called "the best all-around American man of letters since Edmund Wilson," began his writing career in 1946, aged nineteen, with the publication of the military novel Williwaw, based upon his Alaskan Harbor Detachment duty. The novel was about World War II and proved a success for Vidal. Published two years later in 1948, The City and the Pillar caused a furor for its dispassionate presentation of homosexuality. The novel was dedicated to "J.T." Decades later, after a magazine published rumors about J.T.s identity, Vidal confirmed they were the initials of his alleged St. Albans-era love, James "Jimmy" Trimble III, killed in the Battle of Iwo Jima on March 1, 1945; Vidal later said that Trimble was the only person he had ever loved.
Orville Prescott, the book critic for the New York Times, found The City and the Pillar so objectionable that he refused to review or allow the Times to review Vidals next five books. In response, Vidal wrote several mystery novels in the early 1950s under the pseudonym Edgar Box. Featuring public relations man Peter Cutler Sargeant II, their success financed Vidal for more than a decade.
Gore Vidal in 2008 at the Los Angeles Times Festival of Books.
He wrote plays, films, and television series. Two plays, The Best Man (1960) and Visit to a Small Planet (1955), were both Broadway and film successes.
In 1956, Vidal was hired as a contract screenwriter for Metro Goldwyn Mayer. In 1959, director William Wyler needed script doctors to re-write the script for Ben-Hur, originally written by Karl Tunberg. Vidal collaborated with Christopher Fry, reworking the screenplay on condition that MGM release him from the last two years of his contract. Producer Sam Zimbalists death complicated the screenwriting credit. The Screen Writers Guild resolved the matter by listing Tunberg as sole screenwriter, denying credit to both Vidal and Fry. This decision was based on the WGA screenwriting credit system which favors original authors. Vidal later claimed in the documentary film The Celluloid Closet that to explain the animosity between Ben-Hur and Messala, he had inserted a gay subtext suggesting that the two had had a prior relationship, but that actor Charlton Heston was oblivious. Heston denied that Vidal contributed significantly to the script.
In the 1960s, Vidal wrote three novels. The first, Julian (1964) dealt with the apostate Roman emperor, while the second, Washington, D.C. (1967) focused on a political family during the Franklin D. Roosevelt era. The third was the satirical transsexual comedy Myra Breckinridge (1968), a variation on Vidals familiar themes of sex, gender, and popular culture. In the novel, Vidal showcased his love of the American films of the 30s and 40s, and he resurrected interest in the careers of the forgotten players of the time including, for example, that of the late Richard Cromwell, who, he wrote, "was so satisfyingly tortured in The Lives of a Bengal Lancer."
After the staging of the plays Weekend (1968) and An Evening With Richard Nixon (1972), and the publication of the novel Two Sisters: A Novel in the Form of a Memoir (1970), Vidal focused on essays and two distinct themes in his fiction. The first strain comprises novels dealing with American history, specifically with the nature of national politics. Critic Harold Bloom wrote, "Vidals imagination of American politics ... is so powerful as to compel awe." Titles in this series, the Narratives of Empire, include Burr (1973), 1876 (1976), Lincoln (1984), Empire (1987), Hollywood (1990), The Golden Age (2000). Another title devoted to the ancient world, Creation, appeared in 1981 and then in expanded form in 2002.
The second strain consists of the comedic "satirical inventions": Myron (1974, a sequel to Myra Breckinridge), Kalki (1978), Duluth (1983), Live from Golgotha: The Gospel according to Gore Vidal (1992), and The Smithsonian Institution (1998).
Vidal occasionally returned to writing for film and television, including the television movie Gore Vidals Billy the Kid with Val Kilmer and the mini-series Lincoln. He also wrote the original draft for the controversial film Caligula, but later had his name removed when director Tinto Brass and actor Malcolm McDowell rewrote the script, changing the tone and themes significantly. The producers later made an attempt to salvage some of Vidals vision in the films post-production.
Essays and memoirs
Vidal is — at least in the U.S. — respected more for his essays than his novels. Even an occasionally hostile critic like Martin Amis admitted, "Essays are what he is good at ... e is learned, funny and exceptionally clear-sighted. Even his blind spots are illuminating."
For six decades, Gore Vidal applied himself to a wide variety of sociopolitical, sexual, historical and literary themes. In 1987, Vidal wrote the essays titled Armageddon?, exploring the intricacies of power in contemporary America. He pilloried the incumbent president Ronald Reagan as a "triumph of the embalmers art." In 1993, he won the National Book Award for Nonfiction for the collection United States: Essays 1952–1992 According to the citation, "Whatever his subject, he addresses it with an artists resonant appreciation, a scholars conscience and the persuasive powers of a great essayist."needed
A subsequent collection of essays, published in 2000, is The Last Empire. He subsequently published such self-described "pamphlets" as Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta, and Imperial America, critiques of American expansionism, the military-industrial complex, the national security state and the George W. Bush administration. Vidal also wrote an historical essay about the U.S.s founding fathers, Inventing a Nation. In 1995, he published a memoir Palimpsest, and in 2006 its follow-up volume, Point to Point Navigation. Earlier that year, Vidal also published Clouds and Eclipses: The Collected Short Stories.
Because of his matter-of-fact treatment of same-sex relations in such books as The City and The Pillar, Vidal is often seen as an early champion of sexual liberation. In the September 1969 edition of Esquire, for example, Vidal wrote:
We are all bisexual to begin with. That is a fact of our condition. And we are all responsive to sexual stimuli from our own as well as from the opposite sex. Certain societies at certain times, usually in the interest of maintaining the baby supply, have discouraged homosexuality. Other societies, particularly militaristic ones, have exalted it. But regardless of tribal taboos, homosexuality is a constant fact of the human condition and it is not a sickness, not a sin, not a crime ... despite the best efforts of our puritan tribe to make it all three. Homosexuality is as natural as heterosexuality. Notice I use the word natural, not normal.
In 2005, Jay Parini was appointed as Vidals literary executor.
In 2009, he won the annual Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation, which called him a "prominent social critic on politics, history, literature and culture".
Acting and popular culture
In the 1960s, Vidal moved to Italy; he gave a cameo appearance in Federico Fellinis film Roma. In 1992, Vidal appeared in the film Bob Roberts (starring Tim Robbins) and appeared in other films, notably Gattaca, With Honors, and Igby Goes Down, which was directed by his nephew Burr Steers. In 2005 he appeared as himself in artist Francesco Vezzolis "Trailer for the Remake of Gore Vidals Caligula" piece of video art which was included in the 2005 Venice Biennale and is in the permanent collection of the Guggenheim Museum. Vidal voiced himself on both The Simpsons and Family Guy and appeared on the Da Ali G Show, where Ali G mistakes him for Vidal Sassoon. He provided the narrative for the Royal National Theatres production of Brechts Mother Courage in the autumn of 2009.
Vidal was portrayed as a child in Amelia (2009) by Canadian actor William Cuddy, and as a young adult in Infamous (2006), the story of Truman Capote, by American actor Michael Panes.
Comedian Robin Williams depicted him as a drunk trying to push Thunderbird wine in a commercial on his first stand-up album, Reality...What a Concept. The weekly American sketch comedy television program; Rowan & Martins Laugh-in did a recurring theme covertly featuring his personality by Lily Tomlin as Ernestine the Telephone Operator, such as one titled: "Mr. Veedul, this is the Phone Company calling! (snort! snort!)" (but other citations are spelled as; "Veedle"). This skit theme was also recorded other places such as Lily Tomlins album; "This Is A Recording" titled "Mr. Veedle" by Rhapsody records.
Political views and activities
Besides his politician grandfather, Vidal had other connections with the Democratic Party: his mother, Nina, married Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jr., who later was stepfather of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. Gore Vidal is a fifth cousin of Jimmy Carter.needed Vidal also may have been a distant cousin of Al Gore.
As a political activist, in 1960, Gore Vidal was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress, losing an election in New Yorks 29th congressional district, a traditionally Republican district on the Hudson River, encompassing all of Columbia, Dutchess, Greene, Schoharie, and Ulster Counties to J. Ernest Wharton, by a margin of 57% to 43%. Campaigning with a slogan of "Youll get more with Gore", he received the most votes any Democrat in 50 years received in that district. Among his supporters were Eleanor Roosevelt, Paul Newman, and Joanne Woodward; the latter two, longtime friends of Vidals, campaigned for him and spoke on his behalf.
On the December 15, 1971 taping of The Dick Cavett Show, with Janet Flanner, Norman Mailer allegedly head-butted Vidal during an altercation prior to their appearance on the show. Asked by a journalist what comment he had about Mailers head-butting him backstage, Gore dead-panned, "Once again, words failed Norman Mailer." During the taping of the show, there was a legendary on-camera feud between Vidal and Mailer over what Vidal had written about the latter, prompting Mailer to say: "Ive had to smell your works from time to time." Mailer was apparently irate at Gores concealed reference to an incident where Mailer had stabbed his wife.
From 1970 to 1972, Vidal was one of the chairmen of the Peoples Party. In 1971, he wrote an article in Esquire advocating consumer advocate Ralph Nader for president in the 1972 election.
In 1982 he campaigned against incumbent Governor Jerry Brown for the Democratic primary election to the United States Senate from California. This was documented in the film Gore Vidal: The Man Who Said No directed by Gary Conklin. Vidal lost to Brown in the primary election.
Frequently identified with Democratic causes and personalities, Vidal wrote in the 1970s:
There is only one party in the United States, the Property Party ... and it has two right wings: Republican and Democrat. Republicans are a bit stupider, more rigid, more doctrinaire in their laissez-faire capitalism than the Democrats, who are cuter, prettier, a bit more corrupt — until recently ... and more willing than the Republicans to make small adjustments when the poor, the black, the anti-imperialists get out of hand. But, essentially, there is no difference between the two parties.
Despite this, Vidal said "I think of myself as a conservative." Vidal had a protective, almost proprietary attitude toward his native land and its politics: "My family helped start country", he wrote, "and weve been in political life ... since the 1690s, and I have a very possessive sense about this country." At a 1999 lecture in Dublin, Vidal said:
A characteristic of our present chaos is the dramatic migration of tribes. They are on the move from east to west, from south to north. Liberal tradition requires that borders must always be open to those in search of safety or even the pursuit of happiness. But now with so many millions of people on the move, even the great-hearted are becoming edgy. Norway is large enough and empty enough to take in 40 to 50 million homeless Bengalis. If the Norwegians say that, all in all, they would rather not take them in, is this to be considered racism? I think not. It is simply self-preservation, the first law of species.”
He suggested that President Roosevelt deliberately provoked the Japanese to attack the U.S. at Pearl Harbor to facilitate American entry to the war, and believes FDR had advance knowledge of the attack. During an interview in the 2005 documentary Why We Fight, Vidal asserts that during the final months of World War II, the Japanese had tried to surrender to the United States, to no avail. He said, "They were trying to surrender all that summer, but Truman wouldnt listen, because Truman wanted to drop the bombs." When the interviewer asked why, Vidal replied, "To show off. To frighten Stalin. To change the balance of power in the world. To declare war on communism. Perhaps we were starting a pre-emptive world war."
During domestic terrorist Timothy McVeighs imprisonment, Vidal corresponded with McVeigh and concluded that he bombed the federal building as retribution for the FBIs role in the 1993 Branch Davidian Compound massacre near Waco in Elk, Texas.
Vidal was a member of the advisory board of The World Cant Wait, a left-wing organization seeking to repudiate the Bush administrations program, and advocated the impeachment of George W. Bush for war crimes.
Gore Vidal and former U.S. Senator George McGovern at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, August 26, 2009
In 1997, Vidal was one of 34 celebrities to sign an open letter to then-German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune, which protested the treatment of Scientologists in Germany. Despite this, Vidal was fundamentally critical of scientology.
Vidal contributed an article to The Nation in which he expressed support for Democratic Presidential candidate Dennis Kucinich, citing him as "the most eloquent of the lot" and that Kucinich "is very much a favorite out there in the amber fields of grain".
In April 2009, Vidal accepted appointment to the position of honorary president of the American Humanist Association, succeeding Kurt Vonnegut.
On September 30, 2009, The Times of London published a lengthy interview with him headlined "We’ll have a dictatorship soon in the US — The grand old man of letters Gore Vidal claims America is ‘rotting away’ — and don’t expect Barack Obama to save it", which brings up-to-date his views on his own life, and a variety of political subjects.
Vidal versus Buckley
In 1968, ABC News invited Vidal and William F. Buckley, Jr. to be political analysts of the Republican and Democratic presidential conventions. Verbal and nearly physical combat ensued. After days of mutual bickering, their debates degraded to vitriolic, ad hominem attacks. During discussions of the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests, the men were arguing about freedom of speech with regard to American protesters displaying a Viet Cong flag when Vidal told Buckley to "shut up a minute" and, in response to Buckleys reference to "pro-Nazi" protesters, went on to say: "As far as Im concerned, the only sort of pro-crypto-Nazi I can think of is yourself." The visibly livid Buckley replied, "Now listen, you queer. Stop calling me a crypto-Nazi, or Ill sock you in the goddamn face and youll stay plastered." After an interruption by anchor and facilitator Howard K. Smith, the men continued to discuss the topic in a less hostile manner. Buckley later expressed regret for having called Vidal a "queer," but nonetheless described Vidal as an "evangelist for bisexuality."
Later, in 1969, the feud was continued as Buckley further attacked Vidal in the lengthy essay, "On Experiencing Gore Vidal", published in the August 1969 issue of Esquire. The essay is collected in The Governor Listeth, an anthology of Buckleys writings of the time. In a key passage attacking Vidal as an apologist for homosexuality, Buckley wrote, "The man who in his essays proclaims the normalcy of his affliction homosexuality, and in his art the desirability of it, is not to be confused with the man who bears his sorrow quietly. The addict is to be pitied and even respected, not the pusher."
Vidal responded in the September 1969 issue of Esquire, variously characterizing Buckley as "anti-black", "anti-semitic", and a "warmonger". The presiding judge in Buckleys subsequent libel suit against Vidal initially concluded that "he court must conclude that Vidals comments in these paragraphs meet the minimal standard of fair comment. The inferences made by Vidal from Buckleys editorial statements cannot be said to be completely unreasonable."needed However, Vidal also strongly implied that, in 1944, Buckley and unnamed siblings had vandalized a Protestant church in their Sharon, Connecticut, hometown after the pastors wife had sold a house to a Jewish family. Buckley sued Vidal and Esquire for libel. Vidal counter-claimed for libel against Buckley, citing Buckleys characterization of Vidals novel Myra Breckinridge as pornography.needed
The court dismissed Vidals counter-claim. Buckley settled for $115,000 in attorneys fees and an editorial statement from Esquire magazine that they were "utterly convinced" of the untruthfulness of Vidals assertion. However, in a letter to Newsweek, the Esquire publisher stated that "the settlement of Buckleys suit against us" was not "a disavowal of Vidals article. On the contrary, it clearly states that we published that article because we believed that Vidal had a right to assert his opinions, even though we did not share them."
As Vidals biographer, Fred Kaplan, later commented, "The court had not sustained Buckleys case against Esquire ... he court had not ruled that Vidals article was defamatory. It had ruled that the case would have to go to trial in order to determine as a matter of fact whether or not it was defamatory. original. The cash value of the settlement with Esquire represented only Buckleys legal expenses damages based on libel ... " Ultimately, Vidal bore the cost of his own attorneys fees.
In 2003, this affair re-surfaced when Esquire published Esquires Big Book of Great Writing, an anthology that included Vidals essay. Buckley again sued for libel, and Esquire again settled for $55,000 in attorneys fees and $10,000 in personal damages to Buckley.needed
After Buckleys death on February 27, 2008, Vidal summed up his impressions of his rival with the following obituary on March 20, 2008: "RIP WFB — in hell." In a June 15, 2008, interview with the New York Times, Vidal was asked by Deborah Solomon, "How did you feel when you heard that Buckley died this year?" Vidal responded:
I thought hell is bound to be a livelier place, as he joins forever those whom he served in life, applauding their prejudices and fanning their hatred.
Criticism of the George W. Bush administration
Vidal was strongly critical of the George W. Bush administration, once describing Bush as "the stupidest man in the United States" and listing his administration as one of those he considered to have either an explicit or implicit expansionist agenda. He also subscribed to the view that for several years the Bush administration and their associates aimed to control the petroleum of Central Asia (after gaining effective control of the petroleum of the Persian Gulf in 1991).
In May 2007, discussing the many conspiracy theories surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, Vidal said:
Im not a conspiracy theorist, Im a conspiracy analyst. Everything the Bushites touch is screwed up. They could never have pulled off 9/11, even if they wanted to. Even if they longed to. They could step aside, though, or just go out to lunch while these terrible things were happening to the nation. I believe that of them.
Personal life
A photo of Vidal by Carl Van Vechten
Vidal had affairs with both men and women. The novelist Anaïs Nin claimed an involvement with Vidal in her memoir The Diary of Anaïs Nin but Vidal denied it in his memoir Palimpsest. Vidal also discussed having dalliances with people such as actress Diana Lynn, and alluded to the possibility that he may have a daughter. He was briefly engaged to Joanne Woodward, before she married Paul Newman; after eloping, the couple shared a house with Vidal in Los Angeles for a short time. In 1950, he met his long-term partner Howard Austen. Vidal once reported that the secret to his lengthy relationship with Austen was that they did not have sex with each other: "Its easy to sustain a relationship when sex plays no part & impossible, I have observed, when it does."
According to literary critic Harold Bloom, Vidal believed his homosexuality had denied him the full recognition of the literary community. Bloom, meanwhile, claimed this had more to do with Vidals association with the unfashionable genre of historical fiction.
Vidal was an atheist, and in 2009 was named honorary president of the American Humanist Association.
During the latter part of the twentieth century Vidal divided his time between Italy and California. In 2003, he sold his 5,000-square-foot (460 m²) Italian Villa, La Rondinaia (The Swallows Nest) on the Amalfi Coast, and moved to Los Angeles. Austen died in November 2003 and, in February 2005, was buried in a plot for himself and Vidal at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
Vidal died at his home in Hollywood Hills, California, at about 6:45 p.m. PDT July 31, 2012, of complications from pneumonia. He was 86.
Legacy
After Vidals death tributes immediately poured in from various media sources. The New York Times described him in his obituary as being in his old age "an Augustan figure who believed himself to be the last of a breed, and he was probably right. Few American writers have been more versatile or gotten more mileage from their talent." The Los Angeles Times described him as a "literary juggernaut" whose novels and essays were considered "among the most elegant in the English language". The Washington Post remembered him as a "major writer of the modern era" and an "astonishingly versatile man of letters".
UKs The Guardian said "Vidals critics disparaged his tendency to formulate an aphorism rather than to argue, finding in his work an underlying note of contempt for those who did not agree with him. His fans, on the other hand, delighted in his unflagging wit and elegant style." The Daily Telegraph described him as "an icy iconoclast" who "delighted in chronicling what he perceived as the disintegration of civilisation around him", while BBC News said he was "one of the finest post-war American writers... an indefatigable critic of the whole American system. Writing in Los Angeles, BBC journalist Alastair Leithead said: "Gore Vidal saw himself as the last of the breed of literary figures who became celebrities in their own right. Never a stranger to chat shows, his wry and witty opinions were sought after as much as his writing."
Popular Spanish publication Ideal reported Vidals death as a loss to the "culture of the United States" and described him as a "Huge American novelist and essayist". The Italian Il Corriere described him as "the enfant terrible of American culture" and said that he was "one of the giants of American literature". French paper Le Figaro described him as "the Killjoy of America" but also said that he was an "outstanding polemicist" who used phrases "like high precision weapons."
Following his death, despite generally positive appraisals by many, Vidal has been criticized by at least one commentator as "racist and elitist" and as "forever mourning the decline of his era of aristocratic privilege".
Bibliography
Essays and non-fiction
Rocking the Boat (1963)
Reflections Upon a Sinking Ship (1969)
Sex, Death and Money (1969) (paperback compilation)
Homage to Daniel Shays (1972)
Matters of Fact and of Fiction (1977)
Views from a Window Co-Editor (1981)
The Second American Revolution (1983)
Vidal In Venice (1985) ISBN 0-671-60691-3
Armageddon? (1987) (UK only)
At Home (1988)
A View From The Diners Club (1991) (UK only)
Screening History (1992) ISBN 0-233-98803-3
Decline and Fall of the American Empire (1992) ISBN 1-878825-00-3
United States: Essays 1952–1992 (1993) ISBN 0-7679-0806-6 — National Book Award
Palimpsest: a memoir (1995) ISBN 0-679-44038-0
Virgin Islands (1997) (UK only)
The American Presidency (1998) ISBN 1-878825-15-1
Sexually Speaking: Collected Sex Writings (1999)
The Last Empire: essays 1992–2000 (2001) ISBN 0-375-72639-X (there is also a much shorter UK edition)
Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace or How We Came To Be So Hated, Thunders Mouth Press, 2002, (2002) ISBN 1-56025-405-X
Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta, Thunders Mouth Press, (2002) ISBN 1-56025-502-1
Inventing a Nation: Washington, Adams, Jefferson (2003) ISBN 0-300-10171-6
Imperial America: Reflections on the United St
gore vidal
جور فيدال
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