یوحنای دمشقی داماسیکوس

معنی کلمه یوحنای دمشقی داماسیکوس

معنی واژه یوحنای دمشقی داماسیکوس

معنیداماسکیوس (به انگلیسی: Johanne Damascius) روحانی مسیحی و آخرین رئیس آکادمی آتن در سدهٔ پنجم میلادی، متولد در سال ۴۵۳ مرگ در سال ۵۳۳ میلادی بود.

در اثر سخت‌گیری‌های کلیسای بیزانس، هفت تن از حکمای مسیحی به دربار ایران در تیسفون و به دربار انوشیروان دادگر پناه آوردند که یکی از آنان داماسکیوس از اهالی سوریه بود. نام همراهان او به ترتیب زیر آمده‌است.

سمپلیسیوس از مردم کیلیکیه
اولامیوس از مردم فریگیه
پریسکیانوس از مردم لیدیه
هرمیاس از مردم فنیقیه
دیو جانسن از مردم فنیقیه
ایسیدوروس از مردم غزه
به گفتهٔ آگاثیاس مورخ رومی چون یوستی نیانوس یکم در سال ۵۲۹ میلادی فرمود آموزشگاه‌های فلسفی آتن و اسکندریه و رها را ببندند، دانشمندان نامبرده از تعصب و ستم وی به ستوه آمدند و ناچار میهن خود را ترک نموده به ایران روی آوردند و به درگاه پادشاه ایران پناهنده شدند و در مدت اقامت خود در ایران با خسرو انوشیروان در مورد مسائل گوناگون گفتگو کردند و در هنگام بازگشت به میهن خود برابر با یکی از مواد پیمان نامه‌ای که در سال ۵۳۳ میلادی میان انوشیروان و یوستی نیانوس یکم بسته شد، شاه ایران برای کمک به دانشمندان نامبرده با قیصر شرط کرد که از بازگشت آنها به میهنشان جلوگیری نشود بلکه آنها را آزاد گذارند تا در قلمرو دولت روم زندگی کنند. مدت اقامت دانشمندان یونانی در ایران حدود ۴ سال بوده‌است.

داماسکیوس در رساله‌ای به کیش زرتشتی ایرانیان پرداخته و گفتار خود را به ادوموس رودسی نسبت داده است ولی برخی از محققان در صحت این استناد تردید کرده و برآنند که داماسکیوس برای معتبر جلوه دادن اقوال خود مشاهدات عینی خود را به نویسندهٔ کهن یونان نسبت داده‌است.



پانویس

↑ دین ایرانی، ص ۱۶۵
↑ خسرو انوشروان در ادب فارسی، ص ۱۵۵
↑ خسرو انوشروان در ادب فارسی، ص ۱۵۵
↑ دین ایرانی، ص ۱۶۵
منابع

بنونیست، امیل. دین ایرانی. تهران: انتشارات بنیاد فرهنگ ایران، ۱۳۵۴
مرزبان راد، علی. خسرو انوشروان در ادب فارسی. تهران انتشارات دانشگاه ملی ایران، سال ۱۳۵۶
منابع برای مطالعه

C. Clemen، Fontes historiae Relionis Persicae، Bonn ۱۹۲۰،p.۹۵
R. C.Zaehner، Zurvanz A Zoroastrian Dilemma، Oxford ۱۹۵۵،p . ۴۴۷
رده‌های صفحه: اهالی دمشق اهالی سوریه زادگان سده ۵ (میلادی)ساسانیان مسیحیت

قس انگلیسی

Damascius ( /dəˈmæʃəs/; Δαμάσκιος, born in Damascus c. AD 458, died after AD 538), known as "the last of the Neoplatonists," was the last scholarch of the School of Athens. He was one of the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court, before being allowed back into the empire. His surviving works consist of three commentaries on the works of Plato, and a metaphysical text entitled Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles.
Contents
Life

Damascius was born in Damascus in Syria, whence he derived his name: his Syrian name is unknown. In his early youth he went to Alexandria, where he spent twelve years partly as a pupil of Theon, a rhetorician, and partly as a professor of rhetoric. He then turned to philosophy and science, and studied under Hermias and his sons, Ammonius and Heliodorus. Later on in life he migrated to Athens and continued his studies under Marinus, the mathematician, Zenodotus, and Isidore, the dialectician. He became a close friend of Isidore, succeeded him as head of the School of Athens in ca. 515, and wrote his biography, part of which is preserved in the Bibliotheca of Photius.
In 529 Justinian I closed the school, and Damascius with six of his colleagues sought an asylum, probably in 532, at the court of Khosrau I of Persia. They found the conditions intolerable, and when the following year Justinian and Khosrau concluded a peace treaty, it was provided that the philosophers should be allowed to return. It is believed that Damascius returned to Alexandria and there devoted himself to the writing of his works.
Among the disciples of Damascius the most important are Simplicius, the celebrated commentator on Aristotle, and Eulamius. We have no further particulars of the life of Damascius; we only know that he did not found any new school, and thus Neoplatonist philosophy ended its external existence. But Neoplatonist ideas were preserved in the Christian church down to the later times of the Middle Ages, notably by means of the tremendous influence exerted by the Pseudo-Dionysian corpus. Mazzucchi (2006) identifies Damascius himself as the author of the Pseudo-Dionysian writings, the "last counter-offensive of the pagan" (lultima controffensiva del paganesimo).
Writings

His chief treatise is entitled Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles (ἀπορίαι καὶ λύσεις περὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀρχῶν). It examines the nature and attributes of God and the human soul. This examination is, in two respects, in striking contrast to that of certain other Neoplatonist writers. It is conspicuously free from Oriental mysticism, and it contains no polemic against Christianity, to the doctrines of which, in fact, there is no allusion. Hence the charge of impiety which Photius brings against him. In this treatise Damascius inquires into the first principle of all things, which he finds to be an unfathomable and unspeakable divine depth, being all in one, but undivided. His main result is that God is infinite, and as such, incomprehensible; that his attributes of goodness, knowledge and power are credited to him only by inference from their effects; that this inference is logically valid and sufficient for human thought. He insists throughout on the unity and the indivisibility of God. This work is, moreover, of great importance for the history of philosophy, because of the great number of accounts which it contains concerning former philosophers.
The rest of Damasciuss writings are for the most part commentaries on works of Aristotle and Plato. The surviving commentaries are:
Commentary on Platos Parmenides.
Commentary on Platos Phaedo. This work has been erroneously ascribed to Olympiodorus of Alexandria.
Commentary on Platos Philebus. Also erroneously ascribed to Olympiodorus.
Among the lost works there were:
Commentaries on Platos Timaeus, First Alcibiades, and other dialogues.
Commentaries on Aristotles de Coelo, and other works. The writings of Damascius on Time, Space, and Number, cited by Simplicius in his commentary on Aristotles Physica, are perhaps parts of his commentaries on Aristotles writings.
Life of Isidore. Damasciuss biography of his teacher Isidore (perhaps a part of the philosophos historia attributed to Damascius by the Suda), of which Photius has preserved a considerable fragment. The text has been reconstructed and translated recently.
Logoi Paradoxoi, in 4 books, of which Photius also gives an account and specifies the respective titles of the books.
Sources

P. Athanassiadi: Persecution and Response in late Paganism. The evidence of Damascius. In: Journal of Hellenic Studies 113 (1993), pp. 1–29.
Sebastian R. P. Gertz: Death and Immortality in Late Neoplatonism: Studies on the Ancient Commentaries on Platos Phaedo, Leiden: Brill, 2011.
Raban von Haehling: Damascius und die heidnische Opposition im 5. Jahrhundert nach Christus. In: Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 23 (1980), pp. 82–85.
Udo Hartmann: Geist im Exil. Römische Philosophen am Hof der Sasaniden. In: Udo Hartmann/Andreas Luther/Monika Schuol (eds.), Grenzüberschreitungen. Formen des Kontakts zwischen Orient und Okzident im Altertum. Stuttgart 2002, pp. 123–160.
John R. Martindale, John Morris: The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire II. Cambridge 1980, pp. 342f.
Carlo Maria Mazzucchi, Damascio, Autore del Corpus Dionysiacum, e il dialogo Περι Πολιτικης Επιστημης. In: Aevum: Rassegna di scienze storiche linguistiche e filologiche 80, Nº 2 (2006), pp. 299–334.
S. Rappe: Scepticism in the sixth century? Damascius’ ‘Doubts and Solutions Concerning First Principles,’ Journal of the History of Philosophy 36 (1998), pp. 337–363.
Sara Ahbel-Rappe, Damascius Problems and Solutions Regarding First Principles, (New York, 2010) (OUP USA American Academy of Religion - Texts & Translation).
Cosmin Andron: “Damascius on knowledge and its object,” Rhizai 1 (2004) pp. 107–124
Cosmin Andron: Knowledge and Reality in Damascius, PhD dissertation, University of London
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
See also

Iamblichus
Plotinus
Simplicius of Cilicia
Decline of Hellenistic polytheism
Notes

^ Agathias, Scholast. ii. 30
^ a b Giovanni Reale, John R. Catan, 1989, A History of Ancient Philosophy: The Schools of the Imperial Age, page 546. SUNY Press.
^ Simplicius, fol. 189, b., 153, a., 183, b.
^ Photius, Cod. 242, comp. 181; in volume 6 of the edition by Rene Henry.
^ Polymnia Athanassiadi (ed.), Damascius. The Philosophical History. Athens: Apamea Cultural Association, 1999. Pp. 403. ISBN 960-85325-2-3.BMCR review
^ Photius, Cod. 130
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