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معنی: بوله (به انگلیسی و یونانی: boule (Greek: βουλή, boulē; plural βουλαί, boulai)) شورایی بود که در آتن از زمان شاهی وجود داشت و اعضای آنرا افرادی از خانواده‌های اشراف تشکیل می‌دادند که در بیشتر موارد عضویت عمر انه آنرا داشتند. در سال ۵۹۴ پ.م. سولون اقدام به یکسری رفرمهایی نمود که بوله را بصورت شورایی متشکل از ۴۰۰ نفر در آورد. کلئی ستنس این شورا را پانصد نفره نمود و عضویت در آنرا از انحصار اشراف خارج کرد. از آن پس شهروندان آتنی که سی امین سال عمر خود را پشت سر می‌گذاشتند، می‌توانستند که به عضویت در شورای بوله کلئی ستنسی انتخاب گردند. پس از انتخاب از سوی مردم، نمایندگان می‌بایستی در امتحانی شرکت می‌کردند بنام دوکی ماسی Dokimasie که در آن تبحر و آگاهی نماینده از وظایفش در شورا و وابستگی و علاقه اش به آتن و نه به شخص یا گروه بخصوصی پرسش می‌گردید. پس از موفقیت در این امتحان داوطلب می‌توانست که سوگند نمایندگی را اداد کند. از وظایف مهم این شورا یکی هم پرداختن به مسایل احتمالی، پیش از وقوع ایشان می‌بود. این گونه پرداختها پس از آنکه از سوی رئیس شورا در میان اعضا مطرح می‌گردید و به بحث گذاشته می‌شدند، برای تصویب نهائی به رای عمومی مردم آتن نیز گذاشته می‌گردیدند تا قاطعیت یابند. بدینوسیله نوعی از دورنگری و پرداختن به احتمالات آینده در میان مردم تقویت می‌گردید. منتخبین در این شورا حقوق روزانه یک درهم دریافت می‌کردند که به سختی برابر با دستمزد روزانه یک کارگر ساده بود. بنابراین افراد زیادی نبودند که متمایل به داشتن این مقام باشند. اغلب افراد شورا را اشخاص متمول تشکیل می‌دادند. برای اینکه مشکل کمبود اعضای شورا حل گردد به شهروندان اجازه داده شد که بتوانند در طی حیات خویش دو دوره خود را کاندید کرده و به عضویت در شورا انتخاب شوند بشرطیکه این دو دوره پشت سر هم نباشند. رئیس شورا بنا بر جریان انتخابی بسیار پیچیده‌ای برای مدتی کوتاه از سوی نمایندگان شورا انتخاب می‌گردید و مسئولیت هدایت، برنامه ریزی، انتظام و سازماندهی امور شورا را بعهده داشت. این نوع انتخاب پیچیده رئیس شورا از آنجا سرچشمه می‌گرفت که آتنیها تجارب سخت و بدی را از مردانی بخاطر داشتند که پس از اهدای اقتدار کامل به ایشان، بصورت خودکامه درآمده بودند. منابع
رده: یونان باستان
قس انگلیسی
In cities of ancient Greece, the boule (Greek: βουλή, boulē; plural βουλαί, boulai) was a council of citizens (βουλευταί, bouleutai) appointed to run daily affairs of the city. Originally a council of nobles advising a king, boulai evolved according to the constitution of the city; in oligarchies boule positions might be hereditary, while in democracies members were typically chosen by lot, and served for one year. Little is known about the workings of many boulai, except in the case of Athens, for which extensive material has survived.
Contents The Athenian Boule
The original council of Athens was the Areopagus. It consisted of ex-archons and was aristocratic in character.
Solonian Boule The Athenian boule under Solon heard appeals from the most important decisions of the courts. Those in the poorest class could not serve on the Boule of 400. The higher governmental posts, archons (magistrates), were reserved for citizens of the top two income groups.
The Reforms of Cleisthenes Under the reforms of Cleisthenes enacted in 508/7 BC, the boule was expanded to 500 men, 50 men from each of the ten new tribes, also created by Cleisthenes. The 500 men were chosen by lot at the deme level, each deme having been allotted certain number of places proportional to population. Membership was restricted at this time to the top three of the original four property classes (the Pentacosiomedimni, Hippeis and Zeugitae, but not the Thetes) and to citizens over the age of thirty. The former restriction, though never officially changed, fell out of practice by the middle of the 5th century BC. Members of the boule served for one year and no man could serve more than twice in his life. The leaders of the boule (the prytany) consisted of 50 men chosen from among the 500, and a new prytany was chosen every month. The man in charge of prytany was replaced every day from among the 50 members. The boule met every day except for festival days and ill-omened days.
The Boule in the Democracy of the late Fifth Century After the reforms of Ephialtes and Pericles in the mid-5th century BC, the boule took on many of the administrative and judicial functions of the Areopagus, which retained its traditional right to try homicide cases. It supervised the states finances, navy, cavalry, sacred matters, building and shipping matters and care for invalids and orphans. Its own members staffed many boards that oversaw the finer points of these many administrative duties. It undertook the examination of public officials both before and after leaving office (most offices lasting one year) to ensure honest accounting and loyalty to the state. It heard some cases of impeachment of public officials for high crimes and mismanagement or serious dereliction of duties. At some point in the late fifth century, pay was instituted for those serving in the boule; this may have been a way to encourage poorer citizens to volunteer, who would otherwise be reluctant to serve. The boule was considered the cornerstone of the democratic constitution, providing a locus for day to day activities and holding together the many disparate administrative functions of the government. Because of the rotation of members, it was assumed that the boule was free from the domination of factions of any kind, although there is some evidence that richer citizens served out of proportion to poorer citizens. This may be due to the heavy investment of time required, time that poorer citizens would not have had to spare.
Boulai in other Greek states
Sparta Main article: Gerousia In Sparta the functions usually associated with the boule were performed by the gerousia, the council of elders. As might be expected, members of the gerousia were older, over sixty, came from the leading families and served for life. The gerousia served the familiar advisory functions of a boule, in addition to trying important criminal cases, supervising laws and customs and perhaps playing some role in foreign wars.
Kingdom of Macedonia Main article: Synedrion In the Macedonian Kingdom, and later the Macedonian Empire, the body that assisted the king with running the kingdom was called the "Synedrion", literally translated as "The Congress". This tradition continued to be in use in the years of Alexander the Great and its members were hereditary. Although not democratic, the members of the Synedrion, including the king were considered equal to one another and had the right of the freedom of speech.
Epirus Main article: Synedrion The Epirus, which became a federal republic in 231 BC, was ruled by the "Synedrion", or "The Congress". The Synedrion was dissolved when the Epirote federation fell apart due to internal upheaval during the Third Macedonian War.
Corinth Main article: Synedrion The League of Corinth was a federation of Greek states created by king Philip II of Macedon during the winter of 338 BC/337 BC to facilitate his use of unified Greek military forces in his war against Achaemenid Persia. The league guaranteed, among other things, that member states constitutions in force at the time of joining were guaranteed and that a Synedrion, or congress of representatives, was to meet at Corinth.
References
Aristotle. Constitution of Athens 4.3, 46.1, 62.3 Hignett, Charles. A History of the Athenian Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958. Jones, A.H.M. Athenian Democracy. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957. Rhodes, P.J. The Athenian Boule. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1972. Struble, Robert, Jr. Treatise on Twelve Lights, Chapter Six, "Ancient Greece". vte Ancient Greece Outline Timeline Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Hellespont Macedonia Sparta Athens Corinth Thebes Thermopylae Ionian Sea Ionia Aeolis Doris Antioch Alexandria Pergamon Miletus Ephesus Delphi Delos Olympia Troy Rhodes Crete Peloponnesus Epirus Cyprus Pontus Magna Graecia Ancient Greek Colonies Politics Agora Apella Areopagus Boeotarch Boule Diadochi Ecclesia Ephor Graphē paranómōn Heliaia League of Corinth Strategos Rulers Kings of Sparta Kings of Athens Archons of Athens Kings of Macedon Kings of Pontus Kings of Paionia Roman Emperors Kings of Kommagene Kings of Lydia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Argos Tyrants of Syracuse Life Agriculture Clothing Cuisine Athenian democracy Economy Education Festivals Homosexuality Law Marriage Mourning ritual Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wine Military Wars Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Phalanx formation Peltast Pezhetairoi Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan Army Xyston People Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Epicurus Empedocles Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Gorgias Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Thucydides Theognis Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus Alexander the Great Alcibiades Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Playwrights Poets Philosophers Tyrants Mythological figures Cultures Ancient Greek tribes Greeks Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Buildings Temples Parthenon Temple of Artemis Acropolis Ancient Agora Temple of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Hephaestus Samothrace temple complex Arts Architecture Coinage Literature Music Pottery Sculpture Theatre Sciences Astronomy Mathematics Medicine Technology Language Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus Theatres Cities Place names Category Portal WikiProject View page ratings Rate this page Whats this? Trustworthy Objective Complete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)
کلمه "بوله" در زبان فارسی به معنای "ورق" یا "برگ" در برخی از گویش‌ها به کار می‌رود. اما این کلمه در بین فارسی‌زبانان چندان رایج نیست و ممکن است به جای آن از واژه‌های دیگری مانند "برگ" یا "صفحه" استفاده شود.
در مورد قواعد نگارشی و نوشتاری این کلمه، نکات زیر قابل ذکر است:
نوشتار صحیح: کلمه "بوله" به همین شکل نوشته می‌شود و باید دقت شود که حروف آن به درستی و به ترتیب قرار داده شوند.
جنس و تعداد: در فارسی، این کلمه به صورت مفرد و جمع به کار می‌رود. جمع آن معمولاً به صورت "بوله‌ها" نوشته می‌شود.
استفاده در جملات: این کلمه را می‌توان به عنوان اسم در جملات به کار برد. مثلاً: "بوله‌ای که بر روی میزش بود، کثیف شده بود."
تلفظ: توجه به تلفظ صحیح این کلمه نیز حائز اهمیت است. بسته به گویش‌های مختلف، ممکن است تلفظ‌ها اندکی متفاوت باشد.
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