زبان ژاپنی

معنی کلمه زبان ژاپنی

معنی واژه زبان ژاپنی

معنیزبان ژاپنی (به ژاپنی: 日本語، نیهونگو)، زبان مردم ژاپن و زبان رسمی دولت ژاپن است، که توسط حدود ۱۳۰ میلیون نفر سخن گفته می‌شود.

محتویات
قواعد و ساختار

ژاپنی یک زبان پیوندی است با منشا مورد اختلاف. زبانی که در ژاپن به آن تکلم می‌شود زبانی است آهنگ دار و صدادار و تقریبا تمام کلمات آن به حروف مصوت ختم می‌شوند. کلمات آن چند هجایی است و لایق تغییرات دستوریست. تصریف به وسیله اجزایی که به آخر کلمه الحاق کنند صورت می‌گیرد. زمان‌ها و وجه‌ها به وسیله ادات فعل از هم تمییز داده می‌شوند. زبان مکالمه از لحاظ دستور و فرهنگ لغات با زبان مکتوب (که دارای اشکالات فراوان است) فرق دارد.

خط ژاپنی

سامانه نوشتاری ژاپنی از سه دسته حرف الفبا به نامهای هیراگانا (平仮名) و کاتاکانا (カタカナ) و روماجی (ローマ字) و واژه‌نگارهای کانجی (漢字) تشکیل شده است. از هیراگانا و کاتاکانا با عنوان کلی‌تر کانا نام برده می‌شود. کانجی در واقع همان حروف چینی برگرفته از سیستم نگارشی چینی است که معمولاً برای نوشتن کلماتی که از زبان چینی وارد ژاپنی شده‌اند استفاده می‌شود. بر اساس برخی از کلمات کانجی، الفبایی به نام هیراگانا ابداع شده‌است که معمولاً برای نوشتن کلمات اصیل ژاپنی استفاده می‌شود. الفبای دیگری نیز به نام کاتاکانا وجود دارد که برای نوشتن کلمات وارد شده به ژاپنی از انگلیسی و دیگر زبان‌ها استفاده می‌شود؛ برخی از حروف هیراگانا با کاتاکانا یکی است. از هیراگانا و کاتاکانا برای بیان چگونگی تلفظ کانجی هم استفاده می‌شود (فوریگانا).

استفاده از حروف لاتین برای نوشتن کلمات ژاپنی نیز مرسوم است و به آن روماجی گویند.

کانجی

کانجی‌ها همان علایمی هستند که هر یک به تنهایی بیان کننده یک کلمه هستند. کانجی‌های استاندارد ژاپن در حدود ۲۰۰۰ هستند. و کانجی‌ها اصولاً از زبان چینی گرفته شدند.

چند مثال از کانجی و معنای آن:

کانجی تلفظ معنا
土 tsuchi خاک
天 ten آسمان
水 mizu آب
火 hi آتش
風 kaze باد
男 otoko مرد
女 onna زن
食べる taberu خوردن
飲む nomu نوشیدن
大きい ōkii بزرگ
小さい chiisai کوچک
夜 yoru شب
日 hi روز
حروف ژاپنی


جستارهای وابسته

سامانه نگارش زبان ژاپنی
کانجی
کانا
زبان ژاپنی قدیمی
ژاپنی باستان متأخر
پانویس

↑ «Japanese». بایگانی‌شده از نسخهٔ اصلی در 2008-02-14. بازبینی‌شده در 2008-02-29.
↑ «CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing :: Languages». سیا. بایگانی‌شده از نسخهٔ اصلی در February 17, 2010. بازبینی‌شده در February 17, 2010.
↑ «Languages of Palau». Lewis, Paul M. (ed). SIL International، 2009. بایگانی‌شده از نسخهٔ اصلی در February 17, 2010. بازبینی‌شده در February 17, 2010.
↑ MIT. «Japanese Language». بازبینی‌شده در ۱۴ دسامبر ۲۰۱۰.
↑ دکتر معین. فرهنگ معین، جلد پنجم. تهران: انتشارات امیرکبیر.
منابع

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Japanese language»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۱۴ دسامبر ۲۰۱۰).
پیوند به بیرون

آموزش زبان ژاپنی به ۲۱ زبان مختلف از جمله فارسی
بنیاد ملی زبان ژاپنی
یادگیری ژاپنی امکان‌پذیر است
دیکشنری ژاپنی همراه با تلفظ واژه‌ها
رده‌های صفحه: زبان ژاپنی زبان‌های پیوندی زبان‌های ژاپن زبان‌ها

قس عربی
الیابانیة (日本語؛ /ni.hoŋ̩.ɡo/‎ نِهون غو نیهون: الیابان؛ غو: لغة استمع (؟معلومات)) لغة الیابان الرسمیة، وینطق بها أکثر من 130 ملیون نسمة. تعتبر اللغة الیابانیة من اللغات الألطیة، ولکن هذه المعلومة غیر مؤکّدة. تکتب الیابانیة من الیسار إلى الیمین ومن الأعلى إلى الأسفل (بالرغم أن اللغة الیابانیة کانت تکتب من الیمین إلى الیسار کاللغة العربیة فی فترة من الفترات). هناک نظامین لکتابة اللغة الیابانیة: الکانجی، وهی رموز مأخوذة من اللغة الصینیة تعبر عن کلمات کاملة، قبل الحرب العالمیة الثانیة کانت عددها یفوق الأربعین ألف رمز، لکن الولایات المتحدة أجبرت الیابان على تقلیص عددها إلى ما یفوق الألفین بقلیل. والنظام الثانی هو نظام الکانا وینقسم إلى فرع الهیراغانا وهی أحرف لکتابة الکلمات القواعدیة بالإضافة إلى الکلمات من أصل یابانی عوضا عن الکلمات من أصل صینی صینی. والفرع الثانی للکانا هو الکاتاکانا وهی احرف ذات أشکال مختلفة عن احرف الهیراغانا لکنها تلفظ مثلها تماما وتستعمل عادة لکتابة الکلمات من جذور غیر یابانیة وأغلبها الکلمات الدخیلة من اللغة الإنجلیزیة.

تحتوی هذه المقالة على نص یابانی؛ بدون دعم تصییر مناسب، قد تبدو علامات استفهام، صنادیق، ورموز أخرى بدل حروف کانجی وکانا!

محتویات
أصوات

الحرکات الیابانیة عشرة، خمس قصیرة وخمس ممدودة، وتکتب هکذا بالعربیة: ـَ، ـً (é)، ـِ، ـٌ (o)، ـُ؛ ـَا، ـًی، ـِی، ـٌو، ـُو. لکن ـُ فی الیابانیة تختلف من الضمة العربیة فی أنها تنطق بلا تدویر الشفتین. وحروفها هی: ا ک گ س ز ت د ن ه ب پ م ی ر و. لکن یتغیر أصوات بعضها قبل الکسرة أو الیاء، فتنطق سِ "شِ"، وسْیَ "شَ" وزِ ودِ "جِ"، والبعض الآخر قبل الضمة، فتصبح زُ ودُ "دْزُ"، وتُ "تْسُ"، وهُ "فُ". فی الیابانیة لا نجد السکون إلا قبل الیاء أو على النون (وتصبح النون غنة)، ولهذا یتغیر أسماء خارجیة فی الیابانیة، فتصبح کلمة إسلام مثلا "إِسُرَامُ"، وعراق "إِرَاکُ".
صرف

فی ترتیب الکلمات فی الیابانیة دائما یوضع الفعل فی نهایة الجملة، مثلا: (僕は本を読んだ(boku wa hon wo yonda　بٌکُ وَ هٌنْ ؤٌ یٌنْدَا.
أنا کتابًا قرأ.
قرأت کتابا.
والحرف دائما یوضع بعد الاسم أو الفعل المربوط به: (本に(hon ni　هٌنْ نِ
کتاب لِ
للکتاب (日本から(nihon kara　نِهٌنْ کَرَ
یابان من
من یابان
ضمیر

أهمیة الضمائر فی الیابانیة قلیلة جدا، وفی معظم الجمل لا یستعمل أی ضمیر. مثلا:
Gakko ni itta)　学校に行った)　گَکٌّو نِ إِتَّ
مدرسة لِ ذهب
ذهبتُ، أو ذهبتَ، أو ذهبتِ، أو ذهب، أو ذهبتْ، أو ذهبنا،... الخ إلى المدرسة. لکن إذا أراد أحد أن یستعمل ضمیر، هناک ضمائر کثیرة حسب درجة الأدب المطلوب، مثلا:
أورِِِ ore　俺 = أنا (ذکر فی حال عدم الأدب)
بوکو boku　僕 = أنا (ذکر فی حال عادیة مع أصحابه)
واتاشی (watashi　私(わたし = أنا (ذکر أو أنثى فی حال عادیة مع الآخرون)
وَاتَاکُشِی (watakushi　私(わたくし = أنا (ذکر وأنثى وتستخدم بدرجة عالیة للتعبیر عن الاحترام خصوصا إذا تحدثت مع شخص ذو مکانة)
أَتَاشِی atashi　あたし = أنا (أنثى فی حال عادیة مع الآخرین)
کونو هِیتو　kono hito　この人 = أنا، أی هذا الشخص (فی حال احترام کبیر للمخاطب)
اسم

لا یتغیر شکل الأسماء فی الیابانیة فی حال الإضافة أو التضعیف، فأول حرف المضاف إلیه تصبح مجهور، مثلا:
شِمَ: مِیَجِمَ
جزیرة: مِیَ-جزیرة
جزیرة: جزیرة میا
هِتٌ: هِتٌبِتٌ
إنسان: إنسان-إنسان
إنسان: ناس
ولا یستعمل الجمع إلا فی أسماء قلیلة. مثلا شِمَ تعنی جزیرة أو جزر أو جزیرتان.
هناک 4 حروف مهمة فی الیابانیة تعمل ما نعمله بالإعراب فی العربیة:
گَ یوضع بعد الفاعل، فمعناه مثل معنى رفع الاسم بالعربیة.
أٌ (تکتب وٌ) یوضع بعد المفعول به، فمعناه مثل معنى نصب الاسم بالعربیة.
وَ (تکتب هَ) توضع بعد مبتدأ الجملة، سواء کان الفاعل أم لا. وتختلف استعماله عن العربیة، مثلا: زٌو وَ هَنَ گَ نَگَئِ (فیل-مبتدأ أنف-فاعل طویل) "أما الفیل أنفه طویل".
مٌ بعد الاسم تعنی "حتى..." وتستعمل خاصة فی مع النفی، مثلا: نَنِ مٌ مِنَکَتَّ (شیء حتى ما-رأى)، "لم أر شیء".
فعل

أوقات الفعل الأساسیة فی الیابانیة هی الماضی والمضارع، وتبنی الماضی بزیادة ـتَ إلى المضارع (ناقص الضمة) وتغییرات أخرى بسیطة، مثلا: یٌمُ "یقرأ، تقرأ، أقرأ، الخ"، یٌنْدَ "قرأ، قرأت، قرأوا، الخ". بزیادة ـتً بنفس الطریقة، تحصل على فعل الارتباط، وهی صیغة تستعمل فی حال ارتباط الجمل. وبالزیادة إلى صیغ الماضی، صیغ الفعل الأساسیة خمس:
تنتهی بالضمة، وهی المضارع: یٌمُ "یقرأ".
تنتهی بالکسرة، وهی اسم الفعل: یٌمِ "قراءة". وبزایدة "مَسُ" تصبح "یقرأ (لفظ أدیب إذا کان المخاطب لیس من أصحابک).
تنتهی بالفتحة، مع زیادة نَئِ "لا"، أو رًرُ للمجهول، أو سًرُ للتسبیب: یٌمَنَئِ "لا یقرأ"، یٌمَرًرُ "یُقرأ"، یٌمَسًرُ "یقرّئ".
تنتهی بصوت é، لوحده للأمر أو مع زیادة بَ "إن" أو رُ لمعنى "یمکن": یٌمً "اقرأ!" (أمر غیر أدیب)، یٌمًبَ "إن قرأ"، یٌمًرُ "یمکن قراءته".
تنتهی بصوت o ممدود لمعنى "هیا نعمل!": یٌمٌو "هیا نقرأ!".
کتابة

تکتب الیابانیة بالخط الصینی مع زیادة تقریبا 100 حرف مقطعی، یعنی أن کل حرف تنطق کحرف زائد حرکة معینة، وتسمى الحروف المقطعیة "کَنَ"، والحروف الصینیة "کَنْجِ". تستعمل ال"کَنْجِ" فی کتابة معظم الأسماء والأفعال، وال"کَنَ" فی کتابة الحروف والکلمات المختصة. تنقسم إلى "کَنَ" إلى قسمین: "هِرَگَنَ" وهی الحروف المستعملة فی الکلمات الیابانیة الأصلیة، و"کَتَکَنَ" وهی تستعمل فی کتابة الأسماء الأجنبیة وغیرها. وهذا جدول بالحروف المقطعیة، یذکر "هِرَگَنَ" (هیراغانا) ثم "کَتَکَنَ" (کاتاکانا):
مقاطع عادیة
ـَ ـِ ـُ ـً (e) ـٌ (o)
ا أَ
あ ア إِ
い イ أُ
う ウ أً
え エ أٌ
お オ
ک کَ
か カ کِ
き キ کُ
く ク کً
け ケ کٌ
こ コ
س سَ
さ サ شِ
し シ سُ
す ス سً
せ セ سٌ
そ ソ
ت تَ
た タ چِ
ち チ تْسُ
つ ツ تً
て テ تٌ
と ト
ن نَ
な ナ نِ
に ニ نُ
ぬ ヌ نً
ね ネ نٌ
の ノ
ه هَ
は ハ هِ
ひ ヒ فُ
ふ フ هً
へ ヘ هٌ
ほ ホ
م مَ
ま マ مِ
み ミ مُ
む ム مً
め メ مٌ
も モ
ی یَ
や ヤ یُ
ゆ ユ یٌ
よ ヨ
ر رَ
ら ラ رِ
り リ رُ
る ル رً
れ レ رٌ
ろ ロ
و وَ
わ ワ إِ
ゐ ヰ - أً
ゑ ヱ أٌ
を ヲ
نْ (نون غنة) نْ
ん ン
مقاطع مجهورة:
ـَ ـِ ـُ ـً (e) ـٌ (o)
گ گَ
が ガ گِ
ぎ ギ گُ
ぐ グ گً
げ ゲ گٌ
ご ゴ
ز زَ
ざ ザ جِ
じ ジ دْزُ
ず ズ زً
ぜ ゼ زٌ
ぞ ゾ
د دَ
だ ダ جِ
ぢ ヂ دْزُ
づ ヅ دً
で デ دٌ
ど ド
ب بَ
ば バ بِ
び ビ بُ
ぶ ブ بً
べ ベ بٌ
ぼ ボ
پ پَ
ぱ パ پِ
ぴ ピ پُ
ぷ プ پً
ぺ ペ پٌ
ぽ ポ
مقاطع مغوّرة:
یَ یُ یٌ (yo)
ک کْیَ
きゃ キャ کْیُ
きゅ キュ کْیٌ
きょ キョ
گ گْیَ
ぎゃ ギャ گْیُ
ぎゅ ギュ گْیٌ
ぎょ ギョ
س شَ
しゃ シャ شُ
しゅ シュ شٌ
しょ ショ
ز جَ
じゃ ジャ جُ
じゅ ジュ جٌ
じょ ジョ
ت چَ
ちゃ チャ چُ
ちゅ チュ چٌ
ちょ チョ
ن نْیَ
にゃ ニャ نْیُ
にゅ ニュ نْیٌ
にょ ニョ
ه هْیَ
ひゃ ヒャ هْیُ
ひゅ ヒュ هْیٌ
ひょ ヒョ
ب بْیَ
びゃ ビャ بْیُ
びゅ ビュ بْیٌ
びょ ビョ
پ پْیَ
ぴゃ ピャ پْیُ
ぴゅ ピュ پْیٌ
ぴょ ピョ
م مْیَ
みゃ ミャ مْیُ
みゅ ミュ مْیٌ
みょ ミョ
ر رْیَ
りゃ リャ رْیُ
りゅ リュ رْیٌ
りょ リョ
الرموز الصینیة تُستعمل فی کتابة کثیر من الأسماء والأفعال، کما ذکرنا، وعددها آلاف (تکفی 2000 لقراءة جریدة عادیة). للکثیر منها قراءتان، قراءة صینیة (أٌنْ-یٌمِ) وقراءة یابانیة أصلیة (کُنْ-یٌمِ). مثلا، 本 معناه "جذر، أصل" وتُقرأ "هٌنْ" فی کلمات أصلها صینیة (مثلا 日本 "نِهٌنْ"=یابان) وتُقرأ "مٌتٌ" فی کلمات أصلها یابانیة (مثلا 元値 "مٌتٌنً"=ثمن (أصلی)).
لهجات

توجد فی الیابان لهجات کثیرة ومتعددة خاصة بکل منطقة أو مقاطعة، یوجد لکل مقاطعة أو منطقة لهجة خاصة بها کلهجة أوساکا، ولهجة شیزوکا، ولهجة هیروشیما ولهجة أوکیناوا الخ. على سبیل المثال، لهجة هوکایدو (هوکایدو Hokkaido جزیرة تقع فی أقصى شمال الیابان) ستکون صعبة وغیر مفهومة نوعاً ما على الشخص الموجود مثلاً فی مدینة کاغوشیما Kagoshima والذی یتکلم فی بلدته بلهجة کاغوشیما (کاغوشیما تقع فی أقصى جنوب الیابان)، لذلک لا تستخدم لهجة هوکایدو إلا فی جزیرة هوکایدو فقط. سبب کثرة واختلاف اللهجات الیابانیة یعود إلى أنه کان فی السابق، منذ فجر التاریخ، دویلات متخاصمة ومتناحرة فی الیابان، وکان هناک قانون یمنع على کل دویلة من احتکاک أهلها بالدویلة التی بجوارهم، فأصبحت کل جماعة من الأفراد منغلقة على نفسها فی الدویلة الخاصة بها وساعد على ذلک وجود الحواجز الطبیعیة الضخمة (الجبال)، وبذلک قامت کل دویلة بتطویر اللهجة الخاصة بها والتی تختلف عن لهجات الدویلات المجاورة لها (على الرغم من أن أصل اللغة واحد ولکن اللهجات التی اشتقت منها طورها أهلها على مر السنین) وکذلک أصبحت لکل دویلة عاداتها وتقالیدها الممیزة، وعلى الرغم من أن الفرقة کانت السائدة فی ذلک الوقت إلا أن من نتائجها الإیجابیة تنوع العادات والتقالید فی طول الیابان وعرضها الیوم.
وتعتبر لهجة طوکیو اللهجة التی تبناها الإمبراطور کی تکون لغة البلاد عند وحدة الیابان وهی اللهجة التی قرر الشعب الیابانی أن یتخذها اللغة الیابانیة الرسمیة له لوحدة شعبه وأرضه، وهکذا فإن لهجة العاصمة طوکیو هی اللغة الیابانیة الحالیة بحد ذاتها. تقسم اللهجات الیابانیة إلى مجموعتین: لهجات شرقیة ولهجات غربیة، اللهجات الشرقیة على الرغم من اختلافها الملحوظ عن اللهجات الغربیة إلا أنها فی نفس الوقت تختلف فیما بینها مع وجود بعض الروابط التی أدت إلى جمعها فی مجموعة واحدة، نفس الحال مع اللهجات الغربیة. اللهجات الشرقیة تضم مناطق هوکایدو، توهوکو، کانتو، کوشینیتسو، والجزء الشرقی من منطقة تشوبو، فی حین اللهجات الغربیة تضم الجزء الغربی من منطقة تشوبو "بما فیها مدینة ناغویا"، ومناطق کانسای، تشوغوکو، شیکوکو، کیوشو، وأوکیناوا.
مواقع

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لرن یابانی
مقطعیة دفتر
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ویکاموس، القاموس الحر.
بوابة الیابان
تصنیفات: لغات الیابانلغة یابانیةلغات معزولةلغات إلصاقیة

قس ترکی استانبولی
Japonca (日本語, Nihongo) 130 milyonun üzerindeki Japonyadaki insanlar ve Japon göçmen toplulukları tarafından konuşulan bir dildir. Ryukyuca ile ilişkilidir fakat diğer dillerle herhangi bir akrabalığı kanıtsız kalmıştır. Bitişken bir dildir; fiil biçimleri ve konuşanın, dinleyicinin bağıl statüsünü ve konuşmada bahsedilen kişinin orada bulunup bulunmadığını belirten özel sözcük kadrosuyla Japon toplumunun hiyerarşik doğasını yansıtan karmaşık bir saygı ifadesi sistemi ile sivrilir. Japoncanın ses envanteri nispeten küçüktür ve sözcüksel olarak tonlamalı vurgu sistemi vardır. Ayrıca Japonca hecelerin sonunda -n ünsüzü dışında bir ünsüz bulunmaz.
Japonca üç farklı tipteki yazının bir kombinasyonu ile yazılır: kanji (漢字 / かんじ) adlanan Çince karakterler, ve Çince karakterlerden uyarlanan iki hece yazısı hiragana (平仮名 / ひらがな) ve katakana (片仮名 / カタカナ). Latin alfabesi, rōmaji (ローマ字) de günümüz Japoncasında sık bir şekilde ve özellikle şirket adlarında, logolarda, reklamlarda ve bilgisayara Japonca metinleri girerken kullanılır. Batı tarzı rakamlar genellikle sayılar için kullanılır, fakat geleneksel Çin-Japon rakamları da olağandır.
Japoncanın sözcük kadrosu ağır bir şekilde diğer dillerden ödünç sözcüklerle etkilenmiştir. Çok sayıda kelime 1500 yılın üzerindeki bir devrede ya Çinceden alınmış veya Çince örneklerden türetilmiş. Japonca 19. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren başta İngilizce olmak üzere Hint-Avrupa dillerinden gözle görülür miktarda kelime almıştır. İlk defa 16. yüzyılda Japonyanın Portekizle ve daha sonra 17. yüzyılda başlıca Hollanda ile arasındaki özel ticaret ilişkisinden dolayı Portekizce, Almanca ve Felemenkçe da etkili olmuştur: Japonca naifu (ナイフ) " İngilizce knife (bıçak), Japonca pan (パン) " Portekizce pan (ekmek).
Konu başlıkları
Resmî durumu
Japonca fiilen Japonyanın resmî dilidir. Standart kabul edilebilecek bir dil formu vardır: hyōjungo (Japonca: 標準語) Standart Japonca, veya kyōtsūgo (Japonca: 共通語) ortak dil. İki terimin anlamı neredeyse aynıdır. Hyōjungo veya kyōtsūgo lehçenin karşılığını şekillendiren bir anlayıştır. Bu tipik dil Meiji Restorasyonundan (Japonca: 明治維新 - meiji ishin, 1868) sonra iletişim gereksinimi için Tokyo şehir merkezinin dışında konuşulan dilden türemiştir. Hyōjungo okullarda öğretilir, televizyonda ve resmî iletişimlerde kullanılır ve Japoncanın bu makalede ele alınan versiyonudur.
Eskiden standart Yazı Japoncası (Japonca: 文語 - bungo, "edebî dil") konuşma dilinden (Japonca: 口語 - kōgo) farklıydı. Bungo aşağı yukarı 1900e kadar Japonca yazmanın temel yöntemiydi; o zamandan sonra kōgo kademeli olarak etkisini genişletti ve iki yöntem 1940lara kadar birlikte kullanıldı. Bungo hâlen tarihçileri, edebiyatçıları ve avukatları (II. Dünya Savaşından kalan bir çok Japon kanunu her ne kadar sadeleştirme gayretleri devam etse de hâlâbungo ile yazılır) biraz ilgilendirir. bungo dil bilgisi ve sözcük kadrosu bazen etki için kullanılsa da Kōgo bugün hem konuşmada hem Japonca yazmada hakim olan yöntemdir.
Tarih

Bugün en çok kabul gören görüşe göre ilk Japon dili lehçeleri 5 bin yıl önce Koreceden türemiştir. Dilbilimciler Japoncanın tarihini dört dönemde incelerler: Eski Japonca (8. yya kadar), Geç Dönem Eski Japonca (9-11. yy), Orta Japonca (12-16. yy) ve Çağdaş Japonca (17. yy sonrası). Bu dönemler boyunca dilin dilbilgisi diziliminde önemli bir değişiklik olmamıştır. Fakat söz dağarcığı önemli ölçüde değişim göstermiştir.
Bir başka varsayıma göre ise, Japonların kökeninin Ainu,Moğollar ve Maleylerin karışımından oluştuğu iddia edilir.
Japonca ilk dönemde sadece bir konuşma diliydi. Bir alfabeye sahip değildi. Ancak 5. yüzyılın sonunda Çinden, Kanji (漢字) denilen harflerden oluşan yazı sistemi alınarak Japoncaya uyarlanmıştır. Yani Japoncayı Çinden almamışlardır. Konuşma dilleri vardı, üzerine Çin alfabesi koydular. Zamanla Kanjilerden Hiragana ve Katakana hece alfabeleri türetilmiştir. Bugün katakana yabancı kelimelerin yazılımı için kullanılmaktadır. Örneğin kaşık sözcüğü İngilizcede olduğu gibi Spoon olarak kullanılmaktadır. Katakanada spoon (kaşık) スプーン şeklindedir. İlk yazılı belgeler 9. ve 10. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır.
Yazı sistemi



Japon dilinde Japonca yazımı
Japoncada Hiragana, Katakana ve Kanji olmak üzere üç farklı yazı sistemi kullanılır. Hiragana ve Katakanayı alfabe (hece alfabesi) olarak nitelendirebilirsek de Kanji için alfabe tanımını kullanmak doğru olmaz.
Hiragana, kökeni Japonca olan kelimelerin ve ek, bağlaç ve edatların yazımında kullanılmaktadır. Japoncaya diğer dillerden geçen sözcüklerin ve ses veya durum taklit eden yansımaların (şırıl şırıl, çatır çutur, vb.) yazımında ise Katakana alfabesi kullanılır. Kanji ise kelime köklerini yazmakta kullanılır. Yani her bir Kanji bir sözcüğü karşılar diyebiliriz. Kanjiyi yazım ve birleşim kurallarından ötürü bir alfabe olarak nitelendirmek yanlış olur. Örnek olarak: Kitap anlamına gelen "hon" (ほん) sözcüğü Kanji ile "本" şeklinde yazılır. Bugün anlamına gelen "kyou" (きょう) sözcüğü de "今日" şeklinde yazılır. Nasıl ki Türkçede "bugün" sözcüğü "bu" ve "gün" sözcüklerinden türemişse; Japoncada da "şimdi" anlamına gelen "ima" (いま) "今" ve "gün, güneş" anlamına gelen "hi" (ひ) "日" sözcüklerinin birleşmesiyle oluşmuştur ve "kyou" (きょう) olarak okunur.
Japon yazı sisteminin karmaşık gibi görünen özellikleri onu Avrupalılar tarafından öğrenilmesi zor bir dil haline getirmektedir ancak bu dili hiç bilmeyen herhangi bir insan bile Japonca yazılmış bir metine bakarak Kanjileri,Hiragana ve Katakana harflerinden kolayca ayırt edebilir.
Ayrıntı

Ayrıca, Ural-Altay Dil Ailesiinden, yani aynı aileden olan Türkçe ve Japoncanın dil mantığı birbirine benzediği için; Türklerin Japoncayı, Japonların da Türkçeyi öğrenmesi, Türkiye dışındaki diğer Avrupa ülkeleri ve Afrikalılara göre daha kolaydır.belirtilmeli
Ayrıca bkz.

Hiragana
Katakana
Hiragana ve Katakana
Kaynaklar

^ a b Japanese, Languages of the World Erişim tarihi: 13 Haziran 2008
Dış bağlantılar


Vikikitapta bu konu hakkında daha fazla bilgi var:
Japonca
Japonca bilgi de içeren bir dilbilgisi sitesi
Japonca:Resimli Kelime Bilgisi Rehberi
Altay dilleri ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Maddenin içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipediye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
Japonya portali
Kategoriler: Altay dilleri taslaklarıJaponca

قس انگلیسی

Japanese (日本語 Nihongo?, ( listen)) is a language spoken by over 120 million people in Japan and in Japanese immigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic (or Japanese-Ryukyuan) language family, which has a number of proposed relationships with other languages, none of which has gained wide acceptance among historical linguists (see Classification of Japonic).
Japanese is an agglutinative language and a mora-timed language. It has a relatively small sound inventory, and a lexically significant pitch-accent system. It is distinguished by a complex system of honorifics reflecting the nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned in conversation. Japanese vowels are pure.
The Japanese language is written with a combination of three scripts: Chinese characters called kanji (漢字?), and two syllabic (or moraic) scripts made of modified Chinese characters, hiragana (ひらがな or 平仮名?) and katakana (カタカナ or 片仮名?). The Latin script, rōmaji (ローマ字?), is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, romanization of Japanese characters, and when entering Japanese text into a computer. Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also commonplace (see Japanese numerals).
Although Japanese is written using Chinese characters, and has historically imported many words of Chinese origin, the two languages are not considered to have a genealogical relationship.
Contents
Geographic distribution

Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has been spoken outside. Before and during World War II, when Japan occupied Korea, Taiwan, parts of China, the Philippines, and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese.
Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil, with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than the 1.2 million of the United States) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 5% of Hawaii residents speak Japaneseneeded, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru, Argentina, Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry), the United States (notably California, where 1.2% of the population has Japanese ancestryneeded, and Hawaii), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao and Laguna).
Official status
Japanese is the de facto official language of Japan. There is a form of the language considered standard: hyōjungo (標準語?), meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo (共通語?), "common language". The meanings of the two terms are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration (明治維新 meiji ishin?, 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote) for communicating necessity. Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It is the version of Japanese discussed in this article.
Formerly, standard Japanese in writing (文語 bungo?, "literary language") was different from colloquial language (口語 kōgo?). The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and the two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo, although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect.
Dialects
Main article: Japanese dialects
See also: Japanese Archipelago


Map of Japanese dialects and Japonic languages
Dozens of dialects are spoken in Japan. The profusion is due to many factors, including the length of time the archipelago has been inhabited, its mountainous island terrain, and Japans long history of both external and internal isolation. Dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent, inflectional morphology, vocabulary, and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this is uncommon.
The main distinction in Japanese accents is between Tokyo-type (東京式 Tōkyō-shiki?) and Kyoto-Osaka-type (京阪式 Keihan-shiki?). Within each type are several subdivisions. Kyoto-Osaka-type dialects are in the central region, roughly formed by Kansai, Shikoku, and western Hokuriku regions.
Dialects from peripheral regions, such as Tōhoku or Kagoshima, may be unintelligible to speakers from other parts of the country. There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island whose dialect are descended from the Eastern dialect of Old Japanese. Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers.
The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (politically part of Kagoshima), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. This is the result of the official language policy of the Japanese government, which has declared those languages to be dialects and prohibited their use in schools.
Standard Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education, mass media, and an increase of mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration.
Classification
See also: Classification of Japonic
Japanese is a member of the Japonic languages family, which also includes the languages spoken throughout the Ryūkyū Islands. As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is often called a language isolate, but strictly speaking this is a misnomer, since the Ryukyuan languages are linguistically distinct.
Sounds

Main article: Japanese phonology
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
All Japanese vowels are pure—that is, there are no diphthongs, only monophthongs. The only unusual vowel is the high back vowel /ɯ/ listen (help•info), which is like /u/, but compressed instead of rounded. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron) in rōmaji, or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in Japanese.
Some Japanese consonants have several allophones, which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as , approximately chi listen (help•info); however, now /ti/ and /tɕi/ are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī "Western style tea" and chii "social status".
The "r" of the Japanese language (technically a lateral apical postalveolar flap), is of particular interest, sounding to most English speakers to be something between an "l" and a retroflex "r" depending on its position in a word. The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it is pronounced /ŋ/, like the ng in "sing," in in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects.
The syllabic structure and the phonotactics are very simple: the only consonant clusters allowed within a syllable consist of one of a subset of the consonants plus /j/. These type of clusters only occur in onsets. However, consonant clusters across syllables are allowed as long as the two consonants are a nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Consonant length (gemination) is also phonemic.
Grammar

Main article: Japanese grammar
Sentence structure
Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb. Unlike many Indo-European languages, the only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence; other elements in the sentence may be in various orders for emphasis, or possibly omitted. This is because the Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions.
The basic sentence structure is topic–comment. For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu (こちらは田中さんです). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by the particle wa. The verb is desu, a copula, commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence politeness. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mr./Ms. Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages, is often called a topic-prominent language, which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai (象は鼻が長い) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose".
In Japanese, the subject or object of a sentence need not be stated if it is obvious from context. As a result of this grammatical permissiveness, there is a tendency to gravitate towards brevity; Japanese speakers tend to omit pronouns on the theory they are inferred from the previous sentence, and are therefore understood. In the context of the above example, hana-ga nagai would mean " noses are long," while nagai by itself would mean " are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! (やった!)"/ we / they / etc did !". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below), a single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! (羨ましい!)" jealous it!".
While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. Instead, Japanese typically relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate the out-group gives a benefit to the in-group; and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta (教えてもらった) (literally, "explained" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means " explained to ". Similarly, oshiete ageta (教えてあげた) (literally, "explained" with a benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means " explained to ". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action.
Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English:
*The amazed he ran down the street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun)
But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese:
驚いた彼は道を走っていった。
Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct)
This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" (君 "lord"), anata "you" (あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" (僕 "servant"). This is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced, "your majestic) plural grace") or Portuguese o senhor. Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom.
The choice of words used as pronouns is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi (私 "private") or watakushi (also 私), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore (俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku. Similarly, different words such as anata, kimi, and omae (お前, more formally 御前 "the one before me") may be used to refer to a listener depending on the listeners relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations.
Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to ones teacher, it is appropriate to use sensei (先生, teacher), but inappropriate to use anata. This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and ones teacher has higher status.
Inflection and conjugation
Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon (本) may refer to a single book or several books; hito (人) can mean "person" or "people"; and ki (木) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word) or (rarely) by adding a suffix. Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mr./Ms. Tanaka. Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through the addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi, but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form.
Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present, or non-past, which is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect, similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "He has come (and is still here)", but tabete iru means "He is eating".
Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have the same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, Ii desu (いいです) "It is OK" becomes Ii desu-ka (いいですか？) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no (の) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why arent (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning the topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearers attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; Namae wa? (名前は？) "(Whats your) name?".
Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu (パンを食べる。) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai (パンを食べない。) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are actually i-adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta (パンを食べなかった。) "I did not eat bread".
The so-called -te verb form is used for a variety of purposes: either progressive or perfect aspect (see above); combining verbs in a temporal sequence (Asagohan o tabete sugu dekakeru "Ill eat breakfast and leave at once"), simple commands, conditional statements and permissions (Dekakete-mo ii? "May I go out?"), etc.
The word da (plain), desu (polite) is the copula verb. It corresponds approximately to the English be, but often takes on other roles, including a marker for tense, when the verb is conjugated into its past form datta (plain), deshita (polite). This comes into use because only i-adjectives and verbs can carry tense in Japanese. Two additional common verbs are used to indicate existence ("there is") or, in some contexts, property: aru (negative nai) and iru (negative inai), for inanimate and animate things, respectively. For example, Neko ga iru "Theres a cat", Ii kangae-ga nai " havent got a good idea".
The verb "to do" (suru, polite form shimasu) is often used to make verbs from nouns (ryōri suru "to cook", benkyō suru "to study", etc.) and has been productive in creating modern slang words. Japanese also has a huge number of compound verbs to express concepts that are described in English using a verb and an adverbial particle (e.g. tobidasu "to fly out, to flee," from tobu "to fly, to jump" + dasu "to put out, to emit").
There are three types of adjective (see Japanese adjectives):
形容詞 keiyōshi, or i adjectives, which have a conjugating ending i (い) (such as 暑い atsui "to be hot") which can become past (暑かった atsukatta "it was hot"), or negative (暑くない atsuku nai "it is not hot"). Note that nai is also an i adjective, which can become past (暑くなかった atsuku nakatta "it was not hot").
暑い日 atsui hi "a hot day".
形容動詞 keiyōdōshi, or na adjectives, which are followed by a form of the copula, usually na. For example hen (strange)
変なひと hen na hito "a strange person".
連体詞 rentaishi, also called true adjectives, such as ano "that"
あの山 ano yama "that mountain".
Both keiyōshi and keiyōdōshi may predicate sentences. For example,
ご飯が熱い。 Gohan-ga atsui. "The rice is hot."
彼は変だ。 Kare wa hen da. "Hes strange."
Both inflect, though they do not show the full range of conjugation found in true verbs. The rentaishi in Modern Japanese are few in number, and unlike the other words, are limited to directly modifying nouns. They never predicate sentences. Examples include ookina "big", kono "this", iwayuru "so-called" and taishita "amazing".
Both keiyōdōshi and keiyōshi form adverbs, by following with ni in the case of keiyōdōshi:
変になる hen ni naru "become strange",
and by changing i to ku in the case of keiyōshi:
熱くなる atsuku naru "become hot".
The grammatical function of nouns is indicated by postpositions, also called particles. These include for example:
が ga for the nominative case. Not necessarily a subject.
彼がやった。Kare ga yatta. "He did it."
に ni for the dative case.
田中さんにあげて下さい。 Tanaka-san ni agete kudasai "Please give it to Mr. Tanaka."
It is also used for the lative case, indicating a motion to a location.
日本に行きたい。 Nihon ni ikitai "I want to go to Japan."
の no for the genitive case, or nominalizing phrases.
私のカメラ。 watashi no kamera "my camera"
スキーに行くのが好きです。 Sukī-ni iku no ga suki desu "(I) like going skiing."
を o for the accusative case. Not necessarily an object.
何を食べますか。 Nani o tabemasu ka? "What will (you) eat?"
は wa for the topic. It can co-exist with the case markers listed above, and it overrides ga and (in most cases) o.
私は寿司がいいです。 Watashi wa sushi ga ii desu. (literally) "As for me, sushi is good." The nominative marker ga after watashi is hidden under wa.
Note: The subtle difference between wa and ga in Japanese cannot be derived from the English language as such, because the distinction between sentence topic and subject is not made there. While wa indicates the topic, which the rest of the sentence describes or acts upon, it carries the implication that the subject indicated by wa is not unique, or may be part of a larger group.
Ikeda-san wa yonjū-ni sai da. "As for Mr. Ikeda, he is forty-two years old." Others in the group may also be of that age.
Absence of wa often means the subject is the focus of the sentence.
Ikeda-san ga yonjū-ni sai da. "It is Mr. Ikeda who is forty-two years old." This is a reply to an implicit or explicit question, such as "who in this group is forty-two years old?"
Politeness
Main article: Honorific speech in Japanese
Japanese has an extensive grammatical system to express politeness and formality.
The Japanese language can express differing levels in social status. The differences in social position are determined by a variety of factors including job, age, experience, or even psychological state (e.g., a person asking a favour tends to do so politely). The person in the lower position is expected to use a polite form of speech, whereas the other might use a more plain form. Strangers will also speak to each other politely. Japanese children rarely use polite speech until they are teens, at which point they are expected to begin speaking in a more adult manner. See uchi-soto.
Whereas teineigo (丁寧語) (polite language) is commonly an inflectional system, sonkeigo (尊敬語) (respectful language) and kenjōgo (謙譲語) (humble language) often employ many special honorific and humble alternate verbs: iku "go" becomes ikimasu in polite form, but is replaced by irassharu in honorific speech and ukagau or mairu in humble speech.
The difference between honorific and humble speech is particularly pronounced in the Japanese language. Humble language is used to talk about oneself or ones own group (company, family) whilst honorific language is mostly used when describing the interlocutor and their group. For example, the -san suffix ("Mr" "Mrs." or "Miss") is an example of honorific language. It is not used to talk about oneself or when talking about someone from ones company to an external person, since the company is the speakers "group". When speaking directly to ones superior in ones company or when speaking with other employees within ones company about a superior, a Japanese person will use vocabulary and inflections of the honorific register to refer to the in-group superior and their speech and actions. When speaking to a person from another company (i.e., a member of an out-group), however, a Japanese person will use the plain or the humble register to refer to the speech and actions of their own in-group superiors. In short, the register used in Japanese to refer to the person, speech, or actions of any particular individual varies depending on the relationship (either in-group or out-group) between the speaker and listener, as well as depending on the relative status of the speaker, listener, and third-person referents.
Most nouns in the Japanese language may be made polite by the addition of o- or go- as a prefix. o- is generally used for words of native Japanese origin, whereas go- is affixed to words of Chinese derivation. In some cases, the prefix has become a fixed part of the word, and is included even in regular speech, such as gohan cooked rice; meal. Such a construction often indicates deference to either the items owner or to the object itself. For example, the word tomodachi friend, would become o-tomodachi when referring to the friend of someone of higher status (though mothers often use this form to refer to their childrens friends). On the other hand, a polite speaker may sometimes refer to mizu water as o-mizu in order to show politeness.
Most Japanese people employ politeness to indicate a lack of familiarity. That is, they use polite forms for new acquaintances, but if a relationship becomes more intimate, they no longer use them. This occurs regardless of age, social class, or gender.
Vocabulary

Further information: Yamato kotoba, Kango, and Gairaigo
The original language of Japan, or at least the original language of a certain population that was ancestral to a significant portion of the historical and present Japanese nation, was the so-called yamato kotoba (大和言葉 or infrequently 大和詞, i.e. "Yamato words"), which in scholarly contexts is sometimes referred to as wago (和語 or rarely 倭語, i.e. the "Wa words"). In addition to words from this original language, present-day Japanese includes a number of words that were either borrowed from Chinese or constructed from Chinese roots following Chinese patterns. These words, known as kango (漢語), entered the language from the 5th century onwards via contact with Chinese culture. According to the Shinsen Kokugo Jiten (新選国語辞典) Japanese dictionary, kango comprise 49.1% of the total vocabulary, wago make up 33.8%, other foreign words or gairaigo (外来語) account for 8.8%, and the remaining 8.3% constitute hybridized words or konshugo (混種語) that draw elements from more than one language.
There are also a great number of words of mimetic origin in Japanese, with Japanese having a rich collection of sound symbolism, both onomatopoeia for physical sounds, and more abstract words. A small number of words have come into Japanese from the Ainu language. Tonakai (reindeer), rakko (sea otter) and shishamo (smelt, a type of fish) are well-known examples of words of Ainu origin.
Words of different origins occupy different registers in Japanese. Like Latin-derived words in English, kango words are typically perceived as somewhat formal or academic compared to equivalent Yamato words. Indeed, it is generally fair to say that an English word derived from Latin/French roots typically corresponds to a Sino-Japanese word in Japanese, whereas a simpler Anglo-Saxon word would best be translated by a Yamato equivalent.
Incorporating vocabulary from European languages began with borrowings from Portuguese in the 16th century, followed by words from Dutch during Japans long isolation of the Edo period. With the Meiji Restoration and the reopening of Japan in the 19th century, borrowing occurred from German, French, and English. Today most borrowings are from English.
In the Meiji era, the Japanese also coined many neologisms using Chinese roots and morphology to translate European concepts;needed these are known as wasei kango (Japanese-made Chinese words). Many of these were then imported into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese via their kanji in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.needed For example, seiji 政治 ("politics"), and kagaku 化学 ("chemistry") are words derived from Chinese roots that were first created and used by the Japanese, and only later borrowed into Chinese and other East Asian languages. As a result, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese share a large common corpus of vocabulary in the same way a large number of Greek- and Latin-derived words – both inherited or borrowed into European languages, or modern coinages from Greek or Latin roots – are shared among modern European languages – see classical compound.needed
In the past few decades, wasei-eigo ("made-in-Japan English") has become a prominent phenomenon. Words such as wanpatān ワンパターン (" one + pattern, "to be in a rut", "to have a one-track mind") and sukinshippu スキンシップ (" skin + -ship, "physical contact"), although coined by compounding English roots, are nonsensical in most non-Japanese contexts; exceptions exist in nearby languages such as Korean however, which often use words such as skinship and rimokon (remote control) in the same way as in Japanese.
The popularity of many Japanese cultural exports has made some native Japanese words familiar in English, including futon, haiku, judo, kamikaze, karaoke, karate, ninja, origami, rickshaw (from 人力車 jinrikisha), samurai, sayonara, sudoku, sumo, sushi, tsunami, tycoon. See list of English words of Japanese origin for more.
Writing system

Main article: Japanese writing system

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Literacy was introduced to Japan in the form of the Chinese writing system, by way of Baekje before the 5th century. Using this language, the Japanese king Bu presented a petition to Emperor Shun of Liu Song in AD 478. After the ruin of Baekje, Japan invited scholars from China to learn more of the Chinese writing system. Japanese emperors gave an official rank to Chinese scholars (続守言/薩弘格/ 袁晋卿) and spread the use of Chinese characters from the 7th century to the 8th century.


The table of Kana. (Hiragana top, Katakana in the center and Romaji on the bottom.)
At first, the Japanese wrote in Classical Chinese, with Japanese names represented by characters used for their meanings and not their sounds. Later, during the 7th century AD, the Chinese-sounding phoneme principle was used to write pure Japanese poetry and prose, but some Japanese words were still written with characters for their meaning and not the original Chinese sound. This is when the history of Japanese as a written language begins in its own right. By this time, the Japanese language was already distinct from the Ryukyuan languages.
An example of this mixed style is the Kojiki, which was written in AD 712. They then started to use Chinese characters to write Japanese in a style known as manyōgana, a syllabic script which used Chinese characters for their sounds in order to transcribe the words of Japanese speech syllable by syllable.
Over time, a writing system evolved. Chinese characters (kanji) were used to write either words borrowed from Chinese, or Japanese words with the same or similar meanings. Chinese characters were also used to write grammatical elements, were simplified, and eventually became two syllabic scripts: hiragana and katakana which were developed based on Manyogana from Baekje. However this hypothesis "Manyogana from Baekje" is denied by other scholars.
Modern Japanese is written in a mixture of three main systems: kanji, characters of Chinese origin used to represent both Chinese loanwords into Japanese and a number of native Japanese morphemes; and two syllabaries: hiragana and katakana. The Latin script is also sometimes used, and is known in Japan as a system called "Romaji." Arabic numerals are much more common than the kanji when used in counting, but kanji numerals are still used in compounds, such as 統一 tōitsu ("unification").
Hiragana are used for words without kanji representation, for words no longer written in kanji, and also following kanji to show conjugational endings. Because of the way verbs (and adjectives) in Japanese are conjugated, kanji alone cannot fully convey Japanese tense and mood, as kanji cannot be subject to variation when written without losing its meaning. For this reason, hiragana are suffixed to the ends of kanji to show verb and adjective conjugations. Hiragana used in this way are called okurigana. Hiragana can also be written in a superscript called furigana above or beside a kanji to show the proper reading. This is done to facilitate learning, as well as to clarify particularly old or obscure (or sometimes invented) readings.
Katakana, like hiragana, are a syllabary; katakana are primarily used to write foreign words, plant and animal names, and for emphasis. For example "Australia" has been adapted as Ōsutoraria (オーストラリア), and "supermarket" has been adapted and shortened into sūpā (スーパー). The Latin script (in Japanese referred to as Rōmaji (ローマ字), literally "Roman letters") is used for some loan words like "CD" and "DVD", and also for some Japanese creations like "Sony".
Historically, attempts to limit the number of kanji in use commenced in the mid-19th century, but did not become a matter of government intervention until after Japans defeat in the Second World War. During the period of post-war occupation (and influenced by the views of some U.S. officials), various schemes including the complete abolition of kanji and exclusive use of rōmaji were considered. The jōyō kanji ("common use kanji", originally called tōyō kanji for general use) scheme arose as a compromise solution.
Japanese students begin to learn kanji from their first year at elementary school. A guideline created by the Japanese Ministry of Education, the list of kyōiku kanji ("education kanji", a subset of jōyō kanji), specifies the 1,006 simple characters a child is to learn by the end of sixth grade. Children continue to study another 1,130 characters in junior high school, covering in total 2,136 jōyō kanji. The official list of jōyō kanji was revised several times, but the total number of officially sanctioned characters remained largely unchanged.
As for kanji for personal names, the circumstances are somewhat complicated. Jōyō kanji and jinmeiyō kanji (an appendix of additional characters for names) are approved for registering personal names. Names containing unapproved characters are denied registration. However, as with the list of jōyō kanji, criteria for inclusion were often arbitrary and led to many common and popular characters being disapproved for use. Under popular pressure and following a court decision holding the exclusion of common characters unlawful, the list of jinmeiyō kanji was substantially extended from 92 in 1951 (the year it was first decreed) to 983 in 2004. Furthermore, families whose names are not on these lists were permitted to continue using the older forms
انگلیسیJapanese, Nipponese, japanese language
عربیاليابانية، اللغة اليابانية، ياباني، يابانية
مرتبطژاپنی، زبان ژاپونی