ایرانی تباران باستان

معنی کلمه ایرانی تباران باستان

معنی واژه ایرانی تباران باستان

معنیگویا نام ایرانی‌ تباران باستان اول بار در منابع آشوریان در ۹۰۰ سال پیش از میلاد دیده شده و در طی دوران کلاسیک در سکائستان و ایران (در اروپای شرقی، مرکز و غرب آسیا) می زیستند.
فهرست

ایرانیان غربی
پارس‌ها
مادها
پارت‌ها
پالاوها (احتمالا مهاجم‌های پارتی از جنوب آسیا)
ساگارت‌ها
آریا
کردو‌ها
کاسپی‌ها
کادوسی‌ها
کیرتی‌ها
ایرانیان شرقی
باختری‌ها
خوارزمی‌ها
رخج‌ها
سغدی‌ها
داها
زرنگ‌ها
سکاها-سرمتی‌ها
سرمتی‌ها شامل یازیگ‌ها، رکسلان‌ها و سیراک‌ها
آلان‌ها.احتمالا اجداد اوستیایی‌ها
سغدی‌ها.احتمالا اجداد یغنابی‌ها
سکاها.احتمالا اجداد پشتون‌ها
پارما کامبوجاس
پارنی
ماساژت‌ها
کمبوجه (یک گروه اوستایی زبان که در افغانستان امروزی زندگی می‌کردند)
آشواکاها .احتمالا اجداد پشتون‌های امروزی
احتمالا مردم ایرانی‌تبار باستان که تعینش نامشخص است:
کیمری‌ها (ایرانی‌تبار بودنشان مشخص نیست)
سیگنایی‌ها (نامشخص.تنها توسط گزارش‌های مبهم شناخته شده هستند)
خیونان (نامشخص.تنها توسط گزارش‌های مبهم شناخته شده هستند)
هپتالیان (نامشخص.اما به احتمال بسیار زیاد ایرانی‌تبارند)
بلغارها (با توجه به بسیاری از عناصر ایرانی، محتمل است)
منبع

↑ Venkayya 1907, p.219-220
↑ Rüdiger Schmitt in Encyclopædia Iranica, s.v. "Caspians"
↑ Rüdiger Schmitt, "Cadusii" in Encyclopædia Iranica
↑ Scholars like V. S. Aggarwala etc locate the Kamboja country in Pamirs and Badakshan (Ref: A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews.., 1953, p 48, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Peggy Melcher - India; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1963, p 38, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala - India; The North-west India of the Second Century B.C., 1974, p 40, Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan - Greeks in India; The Greco-Sunga period of Indian history, or, the North-West India of the second century B.C, 1973, p 40, India) and the Parama Kamboja further north, in the Trans-Pamirian territories (See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇas Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala).
↑ Dr Michael Witzel also extends Kamboja including Kapisa/Kabul valleys to Arachosia/Kandahar (See: Persica-9, p 92, fn 81. Michael Witzel).
↑ Cf: "Zoroastrian religion had probably originated in Kamboja-land (Bacteria-Badakshan)....and the Kambojas spoke Avestan language" (Ref: Bharatiya Itihaas Ki Rup Rekha, p 229-231, Jaychandra Vidyalankar; Bhartrya Itihaas ki Mimansa, p 229-301, J. C. Vidyalankar; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 217, 221, J. L. Kamboj)
مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Ancient Iranian peoples»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۲۹ می ۲۰۱۱).
این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون ایران است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.

رده: مردمان ایرانی‌تبار

قس عربی

أول ما تظهر الشعوب الإیرانیة فی السجلات الآشوریة فی القرن التاسع قبل المیلاد. فی الأزمنة القدیمة الکلاسیکیة، کانوا یتواجدون فی سکیثیا بشکل رئیس (تقع فی آسیا الوسطى وأوروبا الشرقیة وشمال القوقاز) وفارس (فی غربی آسیا). قسموا إلى فرعین شرقی وغربی منذ البدایات، بالتوافق مع سکیثیا وفارس بالتتالی.
هذه المقالة بذرة تحتاج للنمو والتحسین؛ فساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة فی تحریرها.
تصنیف: شعوب إیرانیة

قس آلمانی


Die Liste antiker iranischer Volksstämme umfasst die soweit bekannten iranischsprachige Völker und Stämme aus der Antike. Die Zugehörigkeit einiger Stämme und Völker zu den iranischen Völkern ist nicht ganz gesichert.
Aparyter
Arachosier
Areier
Baktrer
Busen
Choresmier
Dadiker
Daer (Massageten)
Dayuan
Derusiaier
Drangianer
Dropiker
Germanier (Stamm)
Hyrkanier
Issedonen
Karmanier
Kaspier
Kissier
Kimmerier
Mager
Maraphier
Marder
Maspier
Massageten
Myker
Meder
Paktyer
Panthialier
Parner
Parther
Pasargaden
Sagartier
Saken
Saka Haumavarka
Saka Tigraxauda
Saranger
Sarmaten
Alanen
Aorsen
Jazygen
Maioten
Roxolanen
Siraken
Sattagyden
Skythen (Saken)
Sogdier
Taurer
Uxier
Siehe auch

Iranische Völker
Iranische Sprachen
Kategorien: Liste (ethnische Gruppen)Iranischsprachige Ethnie

قس انگلیسی

The Iranian peoples first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BCE. In Classical Antiquity, they were found primarily in Scythia (located in Central Asia, Eastern Europe and northern Caucasus) and Persia (in Western Asia). They divided into "Western" and "Eastern" branches from an early period, roughly corresponding to the territories of Persia and Scythia, respectively.
During Late Antiquity, the Iranian populations of Scythia in the Eurasian Steppe were marginalized and assimilated by Slavic and Turkic migrations. By the 10th century, the Eastern Iranian languages were no longer spoken in many of the territories they were once spoken, with the exception of Pashto in Central Asia, Ossetic in the northern Caucasus and other minor languages in Badakhshan. Various Persian empires flourished throughout Antiquity, and fell to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century.
Contents
Origins

Main article: Indo-Iranians


The extent of the BMAC (according to the EIEC).
The Iranian languages form a sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian sub-family, which is a branch of the family of Indo-European languages. Having descended from the Proto-Indo-Iranians, the Proto-Iranians separated from the Indo-Aryans early in the 2nd millennium BCE. The Proto-Iranians are traced to the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia. The area between Afghanistan and the Aral Sea is hypothesized to have been the region in which the Proto-Iranians first emerged, following the separation of Indo-Aryan tribes.
By the 1st millennium BCE, Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Parthians populated the Iranian plateau, while others such as the Scythians, Sarmatians, Cimmerians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The Saka tribes remained mainly in the south-east, eventually spreading as far east as Xinjiang.
The division of Proto-Iranian into an "Eastern" and a "Western" group is attested in the form of Avestan and Old Persian, the two oldest known Iranian languages.
List

West Iranian
Persians
Medes
Parthians
Pallavas, probably descended from Parthian invaders of South Asia
Arians
Sagartians (whose name survives in the name of the Zagros Mountainsneeded)
Corduchi
Cyrtii (mentioned by Strabo and possible ancestor of Kurds according to Muhammad Dandamayev) (See Carduchi in Encyclopædia Iranica)
Caspians
Cadusii
Leucosyri (White Syrians)
East Iranian
Bactrians
Arachosians
Khwarezmians
Sogdians, possible ancestors of Yaghnobis
Dahaes
Zarangians
Scytho-Sarmatian
Scythians
Sarmatians, including the Rhoxolani, Iazyges, Siraces, possible ancestors of Slavsneeded
Alans (sometimes considered a branch of the Sarmatians), possible ancestors of Ossetians
Arimaspi
Saka
Parama Kambojas, of the Alay Valley or Alay Mountains, north of Hindukush. In ancient Sanskrit texts, their territory was known as Kumudadvipa and it formed the southern tip of the Sakadvipa or Scythia. In classical literature, this people are known as Komedes. Indian epic Mahabharata designates them as Parama Kambojas
Parni
Massagetae
Kambojas (an Avestan speaking group of East Iranians living in what is now Afghanistan)
Ashvakas: Scholars link the historical Afghans (modern Pashtuns) to the Ashvakas (the Ashvakayanas and Ashvayanas of Pāṇini or the Assakenoi and Aspasio of Arrian). The name Afghan is said to have derived from the Ashvakan of Sanskrit texts. Ashvakas are identified as a branch of the Kambojas
Possible Ancient Iranian peoples whose designation is uncertain
Cimmerians (ethnicity as Iranians specifically unknown)
Sigynnae (uncertain, known only by obscure reports)
Xionites (uncertain, known only by obscure reports)
Hephthalites (uncertain, but highly probable)
See also

Iranian peoples
Iranian languages
Demographics of Iran
Demographics of Afghanistan
Demographics of Tajikistan
K.N.Sitaram
Irani (India)
Parsi
References

^ "The Paleolithic Indo-Europeans"—Panshin.com (retrieved 4 June 2006)
^ Venkayya 1907, p.219-220
^
^ Rüdiger Schmitt in Encyclopædia Iranica, s.v. "Caspians"
^ Rüdiger Schmitt, "Cadusii" in Encyclopædia Iranica
^ Mahabharata 2.27.25.
^ Scholars like V. S. Aggarwala etc locate the Kamboja country in Pamirs and Badakshan (Ref: A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews.., 1953, p 48, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Peggy Melcher - India; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1963, p 38, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala - India; The North-west India of the Second Century B.C., 1974, p 40, Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan - Greeks in India; The Greco-Sunga period of Indian history, or, the North-West India of the second century B.C, 1973, p 40, India) and the Parama Kamboja further north, in the Trans-Pamirian territories (See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇas Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala).
^ Dr Michael Witzel also extends Kamboja including Kapisa/Kabul valleys to Arachosia/Kandahar (See: Persica-9, p 92, fn 81. Michael Witzel).
^ Cf: "Zoroastrian religion had probably originated in Kamboja-land (Bacteria-Badakshan)....and the Kambojas spoke Avestan language" (Ref: Bharatiya Itihaas Ki Rup Rekha, p 229-231, Jaychandra Vidyalankar; Bhartrya Itihaas ki Mimansa, p 229-301, J. C. Vidyalankar; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 217, 221, J. L. Kamboj)
^ "The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian..." (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexanders Invasion of India, p 38; J. W. McCrindle)
^ "Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan)
^ "Afghans are Assakani of the Greeks; this word being the Sanskrit Ashvaka meaning horsemen" (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood)
Literature

H. Bailey, "ARYA: Philology of ethnic epithet of Iranian people", in Encyclopædia Iranica, v, pp. 681–683, Online-Edition, Link
A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Iraj: the eponymous hero of the Iranians in their traditional history" in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online-Edition, Link
R. Curzon, "The Iranian Peoples of the Caucasus", ISBN 0-7007-0649-6
Jahanshah Derakhshani, "Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.", 2nd edition, 1999, ISBN 964-90368-6-5
Richard Frye, "Persia", Zurich, 1963
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Categories: Ancient Iranian peoples

قس بوکمال (نروژی)

Iranere ble først nevnt i assyriske opptegnelser i det 9. århundre f.Kr. De var det dominerende folket gjennom hele antikken i Skytia og Persia (Øst-Europa, Sentral- og Vest-Asia). De er delt inn i en «vestlig» og «østlig» gren fra en tidlig periode, grovt sett tilsvarende henholdsvis Persia og Skytia.
I senantikken ble de iranske bosetningene i Skytia marginalisert av de tyrkiske utvandringene. Det skytiske språket var for det meste utryddet i løpet av det 10. århundre, med unntak av ossetisk som snakkes i det nordlige Kaukasus. Persia ble styrt av sasanidene gjennom senantikken og falt til den islamske erobringen i det 7. århundre.
Innhold
Opphav

Utdypende artikkel: Indoiranere


Kartet viser utstrekningen av Baktria-Margiana arkeologiske kompleks (ifølge Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture).
De iranske språkene utgjør en undergruppe av den indoiranske språkfamilien, som videre er en gren av den indoeuropeiske språkgruppen. Etter å ha nedstammet fra proto-indoiranerne, skilte protoiranerne seg fra indoarierne rundt tidlig i det 2. årtusen f. Kr. Protoiranere kan spores tilbake til Baktria-Margiana arkeologiske kompleks, en bronsealderkultur i Sentral-Asia. Området mellom Nord-Afghanistan og Aralsjøen har blitt hypotetisert for å ha vært regionen der protoiranerne første dukket opp etter delingen av de indoiranske stammene.
Innen det første årtusen f.Kr. bosatte medere, persere, baktrerne og parterne seg på det iranske platået, mens andre folkegrupper som skyterne, sarmaterne, kimmerierne og alanerne bosatte seg i steppene nord for Svartehavet. Saka- og Skytia-stammene forble hovedsakelig i sør og spredte seg så langt vest som til Balkan og så langt øst som til Xinjiang.
Delingen av protoiranerne i en «vestlig» og «østlig» gruppe er dokumentert i form av avestisk og gammelpersisk, de to eldste kjente iranske språkene.
Liste

Vestiranske
Persere
Medere
Partere
Pallava, nedstammet fra partiske inntrengere i India
Arianere
Sagartianere (hvis navn har blitt bevart i navnet på Zagrosfjellene)
Kordiene
Kyrthanere (?, eng: Cyrtian people, nevnt av Strabo og mulig stamfar til kurderne ifølge Muhammad Dandamayev, se Carduchi i Encyclopædia Iranica)
Kaspere
Cadusii
Østiranske
Baktrerne
Arakosianere
Khwarezmid
Sogdianere, mulige forfedre av yagnobi-folket
Dahaere
Zarangianere
Skyto-sarmatere
Sarmatere, inkludert roxolanere, Iajyges og Siraces
Alanere (tidvis betraktet som en gren av sarmaterne), mulige forfedre av ossetere
Saka (mulige forfedre av jatt/rajputer)
Parama kambojaer, fra Alaj-dalen eller Alajfjellene, nord for Hindukush. I antikke tekster på sanskrit var deres område kjent som Kumudadvipa og det utgjorde den sørlige spissen av Sakadvipa eller Skytia. I klassisk litteratur er dette folket kjent som komeder. Det indiske eposet Mahabharata kaller dem parama kambojaer.
Parni
Massagetaene
Kambojaer (en avestisk-talende gruppe av østiranere som bor i det som nå er Afghanistan)
Ashvakaer: Forskere knytter historiske afghanerne (moderne pashtunere) til ashvakaene (ashvakayanaene og ashvayanaene av Pāṇini eller Assakenoi og Aspasio av Arrian). Navnet afghaner sies å å ha kommet fra ashvakaene i tekster på sanskrit. Ashvakaer er identifisert som en gren av kambojaene.
Mulige iranske folk fra antikken hvis betegnelse er usikker
Kimmerierne (etnisitet som iranere er spesielt ukjent)
Sigynnae (usikker, bare kjent fra obskure rapporter)
Xionites (usikker, bare kjent fra obskure rapporter)
Heftalittene (usikker, men svært sannsynlig)
Se også

Iranere
Iranske språk
Irans demografi
Afghanistans demografi
Tadsjikistans demografi
Referanser

^ "The Paleolithic Indo-Europeans"—Panshin.com (besøkt 4. juni 2006)
^ Venkayya 1907, s. 219-220
^
^ Rüdiger Schmitt i Encyclopædia Iranica, s.v. "Caspians"
^ Rüdiger Schmitt "Cadusii" i Encyclopædia Iranica
^ Mahabharata 2.27.25.
^ Scholars like V. S. Aggarwala etc locate the Kamboja country in Pamirs and Badakshan (Ref: A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews.., 1953, p 48, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Peggy Melcher – India; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1963, p 38, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala – India; The North-west India of the Second Century B.C., 1974, p 40, Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan – Greeks in India; The Greco-Sunga period of Indian history, or, the North-West India of the second century B.C, 1973, p 40, India) and the Parama Kamboja further north, in the Trans-Pamirian territories (See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇas Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala).
^ Dr Michael Witzel also extends Kamboja including Kapisa/Kabul valleys to Arachosia/Kandahar (See: Persica-9, p 92, fn 81. Michael Witzel).
^ Cf: "Zoroastrian religion had probably originated in Kamboja-land (Bacteria-Badakshan)....and the Kambojas spoke Avestan language" (Ref: Bharatiya Itihaas Ki Rup Rekha, p 229-231, Jaychandra Vidyalankar; Bhartrya Itihaas ki Mimansa, p 229-301, J. C. Vidyalankar; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 217, 221, J. L. Kamboj)
^ "The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian..." (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexanders Invasion of India, p 38; J. W. McCrindle)
^ "Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan)
^ "Afghans are Assakani of the Greeks; this word being the Sanskrit Ashvaka meaning horsemen" (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood)
Litteratur

H. Bailey, "ARYA: Philology of ethnic epithet of Iranian people", i Encyclopædia Iranica, v, pp. 681–683, Online-Edition, Link
A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Iraj: the eponymous hero of the Iranians in their traditional history" i Encyclopædia Iranica, Online-Edition, Link
R. Curzon, "The Iranian Peoples of the Caucasus", ISBN 0-7007-0649-6
Jahanshah Derakhshani, "Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.", 2nd edition, 1999, ISBN 964-90368-6-5
Richard Frye, "Persia", Zurich, 1963
Kategori: Oldtidens Persia

قس صربی کرواتی
Drevni iranski narodi
Drevni iranski narodi koji su se naselili u Veliki Iran u 2. milenijumu pne. prvi put se pojavljuju u asirskim zapisima u 9. vijeku pne.. Za vrijeme Klasičnog perioda su dominirali Skitijom i Perzijom.
Sadržaj/Садржај
Porijeklo - уреди

Glavni članak: Indo-iranci


Opseg BMAC (prema EIEC).
Iranski jezici tvore podgranu indo-iranske pod-porodice, koja se smatra granom indoevropskih jezika. Nakon što su se razgranali od Proto-Indo-Iranac, Proto-Iranci su se odvojili od Indo-Arijaca u ranom 2. milenijumu pne. Proto-Iranci su povezani s Baktrijsko-margijskim arheološkim kompleksom, kulturom brončanog doba u Centralnoj Aziji. Za oblast između sjevernog Afganistana i Aralskog mora se pretpostavlja da je bila obvlast gdje su nastali proto-Iranci, nakon razdvajanja od Indo-iranskih plemena.
Do 1. milenijuma pne. Medijci, Perzijanci, Baktrijanci i Parti su nastanjivali današnju Iransku visoravan, dok su ostali narodi kao Skiti, Sarmati,Kimerijci i Alani nastanjivali stepe sjeverno od Crnog more. Plemwena Saka i Skita su ostali uglavnom na jugu te se proširili na zapadu prema Balkanu i na istok prema Xinjiangu.
Podjela proto-Iranaca na "istočnu" i "zapadnu" grupu se može zamijetiti u formi avestijskog i staroperzijsko, dva najstarija iranska jezika.
V. također - уреди

Iranski narodi
Iranski jezici
Demografija Irana
Demografija Afghanistana
Demografija Tadžikistana
Irani i Parsi
Izvori - уреди

↑ "The Paleolithic Indo-Europeans" — Panshin.com (pristup 4.6. 2006)
Literatura - уреди

H. Bailey, "ARYA: Philology of ethnic epithet of Iranian people", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, v, pp. 681-683, Online-Edition, Link
A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Iraj: the eponymous hero of the Iranians in their traditional history" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online-Edition, Link
R. Curzon, "The Iranian Peoples of the Caucasus", ISBN 0-7007-0649-6
Jahanshah Derakhshani, "Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.", 2nd edition, 1999, ISBN 964-90368-6-5
Richard Frye, "Persia", Zurich, 1963
Kategorija: Drevni iranski narodi
انگلیسیancient iranians