افعال to be افعالی هستن که درباره وضعیت فعلی توضیح میدن. خود کلمه be به معنی بودن هست و حرف اضافه ما قبل اون یعنی to برای این هست که be فعل هستش و تو انگلیسی باید قبل از فعل to به کار بره.
افعال to be شامل 3 فعل هستند:
am/ is/ are
و گذشته اونها به ترتیب افعال زیر هستش
was/ were
گذشته am و is فعل was هست و گذشته are فعل were هست.
ضمایری که ما تو انگلیسی داریم شامل موارد زیر هستن:
I/ he/ she/ it/ we/ you/ they
ضمایر I/he/she/it مفرد هستن بنابراین برای اونها باید am و is به کار بره که گذشتش was هست و برای you/we/they که جمع هستن باید are به کار بره که گذشتش هم were هست.
بنابراین جملات به صورت زیر میشن:
I am a student./ I was a student.
He is a student./ He was a student.
She is a student./ She was a student.
It is a student./ It was a student.
You are students./ You were students.
We are students./ We were students.
They are students./ They were students.
به همین صورت اگر یک اسم باشه براش is استفاده میکنیم و اگر بیشتر از یک اسم باشه براش are استفاده می کنیم. فعل am فقط برای ضمیر I به کار میره.
John is a student./ John was a student.
John and Mary are students./ John and Mary were students.
در تمام جملاتی که در اونها فعل to be به کار رفته برای منفی کردنشون فقط کافیه کلمه not رو به خود فعل to be اضافه کنیم.
I am a student./ I am not a student.
I was a student./ I was not a student.
He is a student./ He is not a student.
He was a student./ He was not a student.
She is a student./ She is not a student.
She was a student./ She was not a student.
It is a student./ It is not a student.
It was a student./ It was not a student.
You are students./ You are not students.
You were students./ You were not students.
We are students./ We are not students.
We were students./ We were not students.
They are students./ They are not students.
They were students./ They were not students.
برای سوالی کردن تمام جملاتی که فعل to be دارن تنها کاری که باید کرد اینه که جای فعل رو با فاعل عوض کنیم و جمله به سوالی تبدیل میشه. به مثال های زیر دقت کنید:
I am a student./ Am I a student?
He is a student./ Is he a student?
She is a student./ Is she a student?
It is a student./ Is it a student?
You are students./ Are you students?
We are students./ Are we students?
They are students./ Are they students?